Project Report T

The role of accounting information in managing research
and development expenses and decision making
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Musheerul hasan
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
M.com
in
Commerce department
DAYANAND ANGLO VEDIC (DAV) COLLAGE
KANPUR UNIVERSITY
i
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “……….TITLE OF THE

PROJECT……………..” is the bonafide work of “…………..NAME OF THE
CANDIDATE(S).…………” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.
<< Name>> << Name>> << Name>>

Guide Head of the Department Principal
Commerce Department
Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) Collage
Kanpur University
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my project guide <<

Name of guide>> as well as our principal << Name of guide>> who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic << project title >>,
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many
new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
Date:- Your Name :- Musheerul hasan
Place:- Roll No :-
Class :-M.com II Sem
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE Pg no
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS vii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction of tile 1
1.2 Introduction of report 1
1.3 introduction of problem

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2
2.1 Sub section 2
2.2 Sub section 2
3.0 METHODOLOGY 3
3.1 Sub section 3
3.2 Sub section 3

4.0 EXPERIMENTATION 4
4.1 Sub section 4
4.2 Sub section 4
5.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 5

5.1 Sub section 5
5.2 Sub section 5
6.0 CONCLUSION 6
7.0 FUTURE SCOPE 7
REFERENCES 8
ABSTRACT
Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report typed double line spacing, Font Style
Times New Roman and Font Size 12.
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.

Table 1.1 Name of the table 1
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.

Figure 1.1 Name of the figure 1
viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Symbol Explanation
$ Dollar
ix
0
Project Report : << Name of Project >>
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of title
A. Research and development: - Research and development is a

department of any company or any institution. Its play the very important role in its
feet the main objective of this department is to achieve business goals with highly
technological way. In other words this department work done in a special (technical)
way with the help of information.
(a) Role of R&D

I product research:- The R&D department conducts product research in response
to proposals for products and services. This may include conducting various tests,
surveys and other investigations. The purpose of the research is to find out the
product's usefulness, specifications, how the team builds the product, how best to
market it, and the product's projected success.
II product development:- Product development uses data and research to design

and create products to the most useful specifications. For example, suppose a
company develops a new mobile phone. The R&D team is asking what size the
phone should be to fit comfortably in the user's hand, where to place the buttons for
easy access, how to fit in the user's pocket, how big the phone should be. You may
be trying to understand what should be the magnitude of . Make it easy to see.
III product control;- Our R&D team also tests and analyzes current products to
find opportunities to improve comfort and usability. This includes further testing
and research to find out what customers think of the product, followed by testing of
new designs implementing the proposed solutions.
IV quality control;- Research and development often include testing stages to

ensure product quality. Our R&D team understands the intended specification
standards for each product, so we can ensure that our products meet or exceed those
standards. This may include feedback from testing the product itself or conducting
surveys with the product's target user base. R&D uses that insight to improve
product design before finalizing the product.
V market research;- Research and development is also often responsible for

conducting research on the market for the new product. This may involve
discovering:
(b) Benefits of R&D

I promoting innovations ;- Research and development is key to determining
what our clients and customers need. By understanding this, companies can
better determine whether the products currently on the market meet these needs.
If our current product is not available, we can make this happen or introduce an
innovative new product that improves on our current product. For example,
voice control of phones and applications is an innovative service that simplifies
consumers' daily lives.
1
II better consumer services;- Inquire about and improvement so frequently

includes what is most valuable for clients. It permits businesses to offer made
strides ease of use of their items reliably, possibly expanding client fulfillment.
III potential tax breaks;- Businesses can regularly deduct costs related to
investigate and improvement from their charges. Be that as it may, this depends
on a few things, such as the area of the commerce and the sort of inquire about
and advancement utilized. It's vital to inquire about your neighborhood laws and
controls deducting any of these costs from your charges.
IV patent helping;- Research and development teams often create useful designs
and documents when filing a patent. The team can also figure out how to create
a product in a way that's unique enough to qualify for a patent in its own right,
even if it's a version of an existing product. However, local laws and regulations
in this regard can vary, so it's important to research the laws in your area before
patenting a new product.
V to find investors;- Effective research and development can help find investors
by showing the usefulness, marketability and consumer desirability of a product.
Companies often use data collected by their research and development teams
when looking for investors to finance the production of a new product.
B. Accounting information:- Accounting information having two words accounts+

information accounts mean a record of money paid out and money received and
information means knowledge or facts.
B.1 Account:- A record of charge and credit passages to cover exchanges including a
specific thing (as cash or notes receivable) or a specific individual or concern.
B.2 Information info gotten from examination, consider, or instruction. Of a

information specific occasion or circumstance: news.
(a) Good things of accounting info.

i. Saves time and cost:-accounting information can assist to manger for
taking better business decisions in correct time and saves time.
ii. Increases Financial Visibility:-It can help to see all financial transecions
for a particular year.
iii. Minimizes Errors:- It is helpful in reduce errors and finding errors in the
terms of accounting.
iv. Improves Asset & Inventory Management:- We can easily manage our
assets and inventory for reduce goods risks.
v. Provides Real-Time Data:- Its provide real time data for taking decisions
and finding conclusions.
2
vi. Enhances Decision-Making Process:- I can help to taking a better

decisions according to our business needs.
vii. Gives you high flexibility:- It gives flexibility to go with necessary

changes easily.
(b) Bad things of accounting info.

i. More expensive:- Sometimes it is only increased our expenses weather
we no need .
ii. Need much information:- Its ask relevant data but sometime we are
unable to find much data .
iii. Error probability:-It has highly error probability we must more careful
during make any account.
iv. Hard to prepare:- It is not so easy method to prepare it is done with a

large process .
v. Difficult to find mistakes:- We cannot find mistakes easily we must to

checkout all accounts properly.
vi. Hard to flex:- The method to flex is very hard so archieving flexibility is
very hard to find.
vii. Need good education:- We must have good knowledge in accounting

and auditing to prepare it.
C. Accounting info in R&D:- As we know accounting information needs everywhere

and in the terms of research and development accounting information is place of very
effective role for running a powerful business.
Role of accounting information in research and development department
I. For research in fields

II for development of gadgets
III to provide business idea
IV update gadgets
V better communicate
VI make technical environment
1.2 Introduction of research
A. Research:- The process to generate new information or use old information to

understand things.
3
a. Nature of research
i. Controlled
ii. Valid and variable
iii. Critical
iv. Systematic
v. Empirical
b. Good things of research

I Good in field learning objective
II good to apply concept in real life
III problem solving skill maintain
IV work with plans
V further use possible
c. Bad things of research

I uses of much time
II expensive method
III need perfect data
IV uses of too many resources
V too many expectations
d. Importance of research:-
TABLE1.1
Importance of research
Company Spent for R&D in $
Amazon 42.7
Alphabet 27.6
Microsoft 19.3
Huawei 22.0
Apple 18.8
Samsung 18.8
Facebook 18.5
(INVESTOPEDIA)
e. Process of research
I formatting
II extensive
III Developing
IV Prepare design
V Determining this sample design
VI Collecting the data
VII Execution
VIII Analysis
IX Hypothesis
X Generalization and interpretation
XI Preparation of report
4
1.3 Introduction of problem
Figure 1.1
A. Introduction of Nokia:- Nokia is the one of the most popular telecommunicating
company in worldwide .
Table1.2
Basic information of Nokia
Native name Nokia oyj
Headquarter Espoo, Finland
Industry Telecommunications
Technology
Electronics
Founded 12 may 1865(157 years ago)
Founders Fredrik Idestam
Leo Mechelin
Eduard Polón
Current Ceo Pekka lundmark
B. Downfall in Nokia:- If I talk about Nokia, it was the only boss in mobile industry
but due to late decision in the field of research and development it falling down. We
can more easily understand the downfall history of Nokia with the figure 1.2, 1.3 and
1.4.
a. Previous history:- We know that the previous history of Nokia since 1999
to 2007 was very grateful. As we see in the figure 1.2 Nokia stars in 1999 its
total sales was 19.77 Euros and it becomes grow and in 2007 it becomes 51.06
Euros.
Nokia net sales worldwide since 1999 to 2007( in billion Euros)
figure1.2,(Previous history)
b. Mid history:-The mid history or downfall of Nokia starts with 2009 to 2015
these were very harmful years of Nokia.
2. net sales worldwide since 2008 to 2015( in billion Euros)

Nokia
5
figure1.3,(Mid history)
a. Present:-If we talk avout present these are not a very profitable time for
Nokia still 2022 Nokia fails to recover its harms.
figure1.4 (Present)
6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1introduction of literature review
A. Meaning: -writing or summary of key articles and references in a field. In

other words a literature review is an academic work that contextualizes and
demonstrates knowledge of the academic literature on a particular topic. It
is more of a literature survey than a literary report, as it also includes a
critical appraisal of sources.
B. Features:- Some features of literature review are bellowing-

I Setting
II point of view
III plot
IV character
V Conflict
VI Theme
C.
D.
7
3. METHODOLOGY
Essentially, a methodology is a collection of methods, practices, processes,

techniques, procedures, and rules
Explain your methodological approach.
Describe your methods of data collection and/or selection.
Describe your methods of analysis.
Evaluate and justify your methodological choices.
Table 3.1: Title of the table
Heading Heading Heading
Data Data Data
Data Data Data
Figure 3.1: Title of the image
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
4. EXPERIMENTATION
Write the experimental procedure like a step-by-step recipe for your science
experiment. A good procedure is so detailed and complete that it lets someone else duplicate
your experiment exactly!
30
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This section should be written in the present tense. The Discussion section needs to
follow from your results and relate back to your literature review.
Interpret and explain your results.

Answer your research question.
Justify your approach.
Critically evaluate your study.
31
6. CONCLUSION
The conclusion and recommendations part summarizes the whole report by highlighting all
the chapters and their significance and the importance of the project and the achievements.
32
7. FUTURE SCOPE
Scope for future development if any
33
REFERENCES
1. Shin, K.G. and Mckay, N.D. (1984) ‘Open Loop Minimum Time Control of
Mechanical Manipulations and its Applications’, Proc.Amer.Contr.Conf., San Diego,
CA, pp. 1231-1236.
34

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The role of accounting information in managing research

and development expenses and decision making

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

DAYANAND ANGLO VEDIC (DAV) COLLAGE

Certified that this project report “……….TITLE OF THE

<< Name>> << Name>> << Name>>

Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) Collage

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my project guide <<

Date:- Your Name :- Musheerul hasan

Class :-M.com II Sem

1.2 Introduction of report 1

1.3 introduction of problem

2.2 Sub section 2

3.2 Sub section 3

4.2 Sub section 4

5.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 5

5.2 Sub section 5

Table No. Title Page No.

Figure No. Title Page No.

1.1 Introduction of title

A. Research and development: - Research and development is a

(a) Role of R&D

II product development:- Product development uses data and research to design

IV quality control;- Research and development often include testing stages to

V market research;- Research and development is also often responsible for

(b) Benefits of R&D

II better consumer services;- Inquire about and improvement so frequently

B. Accounting information:- Accounting information having two words accounts+

B.2 Information info gotten from examination, consider, or instruction. Of a

(a) Good things of accounting info.

vi. Enhances Decision-Making Process:- I can help to taking a better

vii. Gives you high flexibility:- It gives flexibility to go with necessary

(b) Bad things of accounting info.

iv. Hard to prepare:- It is not so easy method to prepare it is done with a

v. Difficult to find mistakes:- We cannot find mistakes easily we must to

vii. Need good education:- We must have good knowledge in accounting

C. Accounting info in R&D:- As we know accounting information needs everywhere

Role of accounting information in research and development department

I. For research in fields

1.2 Introduction of research

A. Research:- The process to generate new information or use old information to

b. Good things of research

c. Bad things of research

1.3 Introduction of problem

Nokia net sales worldwide since 1999 to 2007( in billion Euros)

2. net sales worldwide since 2008 to 2015( in billion Euros)

2.1introduction of literature review

A. Meaning: -writing or summary of key articles and references in a field. In

B. Features:- Some features of literature review are bellowing-

Essentially, a methodology is a collection of methods, practices, processes,

Table 3.1: Title of the table

Heading Heading Heading

Data Data Data

Data Data Data

Figure 3.1: Title of the image

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Interpret and explain your results.

Scope for future development if any

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