THE LANGUAGE OF LOGIC

PROPOSITION

• A proposition is a declarative sentence (a sentence that

declares a fact) that is either true or false, but not both.
• true (denoted either T or 1)
• false (denoted either F or 0).
ARE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES PROPOSITIONS?

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PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC –is the area of logic that deals
with propositions

• Propositional Variable- is a variable that represents

propositions such as p , q , r , and s.
• Example:
Proposition p : Today is Friday.
LOGICAL OPERATORS/ CONNECTIVES- are used
to form new propositions from two or more existing
propositions.
• Unary Operator Truth Table:
a. Negation ¬ p ¬p
Example:
T F
p: Today is Friday.
F T
¬p: Today is not Friday.
• Binary Operators
a. Conjunction ∧
Example:
p: Today is Friday.
q: It Is a rainy day.
p ∧ q: Today is Friday and it is a rainy day.

p q p∧q
Truth Table T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
b. Disjunction ∨
Example:
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is a sunny day.
p ∨ q: Today is Friday or it is a sunny day.

Truth Table p q p∨q

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
C. Exclusive or ⊕
Example:
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is a sunny day.
p ⊕ q: Either today is Friday or it is a sunny day.

Truth Table p q p⊕q

T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
C. Implication →
Example:
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is a sunny day.
p → q: If today is Friday, then it is a sunny day.
• p is called the premise, hypothesis, or the antecedent.
• q is called the conclusion or consequence.
Truth Table
d. Biconditional ↔
Example:
p: Today is Friday.
q: It Is a sunny day.
p ↔ q: Today is Friday if and only if it is a sunny day.

Truth Table p q p↔q

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
TRY THIS…
CONVERT THE FOLLOWING PROPOSITIONAL
LANGUAGES INTO ENGLISH SENTENCES.
Given:
p: Any number with an exponent of zero is equal to one.
q: A fraction is a part of a whole.
1. ¬p 4. q ⊕ p
2. p ∨ q 5. p → q
3. p ∧ q 6. q ↔ p
TRY THIS…
FROM THE GIVEN, DETERMINE THE TRUTH VALUE OF THE
GIVEN PROPOSITIONS.
Given:
p: 1000 = 1

q: 𝑥 2 = 2x
1. ¬q 4. p ⊕ q
2. q∨p 5. q → p
3. q∧p 6. p ↔ q
CONSTRUCT THE TRUTH TABLE:

1. ¬p ∧¬q
2. p → ¬q
3. (p ∧ q) ↔ p
REFERENCES

• http://www.cs.kent.edu/~jin/Discrete10Spring/L01.pdf
• https://www.math.fsu.edu/~pkirby/mad2104/SlideShow/s2_1.pdf
• http://disi.unitn.it/~ldkr/ml2014/ExercisesBooklet.pdf
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discussion.