Mathematics in the

Modern World
Logic
 Discuss logic statements
 Construct truth tables
 Translate compound statements in symbolic form
 If a plane crushes on the
border between
Philippine and Malaysia,
where do they bury the
survivors?

Survivors are not buried

If an electric train is moving North
at 100mph and a wind is blowing
to the West at 10mph, which way
does the smoke blow?

An electric train has no

smoke
Some months have 31 days, others
have 30 days, but how many have
28 days?

12, all months have 28

days
If Marjorie’s bahay – kubo is decorated
completely in pink, with the walls, carpet
and furniture all shades of pink, what color
are the stairs?

There are no stairs because

bahay - kubo does not have a
second floor
A rooster laid an egg on top of the
barn roof. Which way did it roll.

It didn’t roll. Roosters don’t lay

eggs.
How many times can you
subtract 10 from 100?

Once
Manila is the capital of the Philippines.

Read this carefully.

Whitie is a beautiful dog.

What time is it?
It is the most basic element of logic.

It is a declarative sentence that is either

true or false.

These are variables that represent

propositions: p, q, r, s.
 To avoid writing long propositions, we
use propositional variables.
Examples:
p: It is raining.
p represents the proposition that it is raining.
q: The streets are wet.
q represents the proposition that the streets are wet.
• Each proposition can be assigned
one of the two truth values.
• T or 1 for true.
• F or 0 for false.
• It shows truth values for all
combinations of its constituent
variables.
• Truth table is an aide in
distinguishing valid or invalid
argument.
• No. of rows: 2n, n is the number of
propositions.
• No. of columns: n+1
 Unary Operator
It is applied only to a single proposition.

Binary Operators
It is applied to two propositions.
Unary Operator
Negation
• “Not”
• ~ or ¬ symbol is
used to denote
negation.
Example:
p: This book is interesting.
~p can be read as:
1. This book is not interesting.
2. This book is uninteresting.
3. It is not the case that this book
is interesting.
p ~p
T F
F T
Conjunction (^)
Disjunction (˅)
Exclusive or ()
Implication(→)
Biconditional(↔)
 Binary Operator
Conjunction
• “and”
• ^ symbol is used to denote
conjunction
• p and q is the same as p^q
Example 1:
p: This book is interesting.
q: I am staying at home.
p^q:
This book is interesting and I
am staying at home.
Example 2:
p: I am at home.
q: It is raining.
p^q:
I am at home and it is raining.
The conjunction p^q of p and
q is the proposition that is
TRUE when both p and q are
true and false otherwise.
p q p^q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 Binary Operator
Disjunction
• “or” (inclusive or)
• ˅ symbol is used to denote
disjunction.
• p or q is the same as p˅q
Example 1:
p: This book is interesting.
q: I am staying at home.
p˅q:
This book is interesting or I am
staying at home.
Example 2:
p: I am at home.
q: It is raining.
p˅q:
I am at home or it is raining.
The disjunction p ˅q of p or q is
the proposition that is
TRUE when either p is true, q
is true or both are true and is
false otherwise.
p q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 Binary Operator
• Exclusive or ()
• “xor” (exclusive or)
• symbol is used to denote
exclusive or
• p xor q is the same as pq
Example 1:
p: This book is interesting.
q: I am staying at home.
p q:
Either this book is interesting or I
am staying at home, but not both.
Example 2:
p: I am at home.
q: It is raining.
pq:
Either I am at home or it is
raining.
The exclusive or (pq) is the
proposition that is
TRUE when exactly one of p
or q is true, but not both. It is
false if both are true or both are
false.
p q pq
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
 Binary Operator
• Implication(→)
• If-then statement
• → symbol is used to denote
implication
• “If p then q”
Example:
p: Maria learns discrete Mathematics.
q: Maria will find a good job.

p→q:
If Maria learns discrete mathematics,
then she will find a good job.
Example:
It can also be:
p→q: “Maria will find a good job
when she learns discrete
mathematics.”
p→q:“For Maria to get a good job,
it is sufficient for her to learn
discrete mathematics.”
 EquivaIent forms of “If p then q.”
• p implies q
• If p, q
• p only if q
• p is a sufficient condition for q
• q if p
• q whenever p
• q is a necessary condition for p
Examples:
• If it's raining then streets are
wet.
• If it's raining,streets are wet.
• Rain implies that streets are wet.
• Streets are wet when it's raining.
Examples:

• Streets are wet whenever it's

raining.
• Streets being wet follows from
there being a rain.
The implication (p → q) is the
proposition that is
FALSE when p is true and q is
false otherwise it is TRUE.
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
• Biconditional(↔)
• if and only if
• ↔ symbol is used to denote bi-
implication
• p iff q
• if p then q, and conversely
• p is necessary and sufficient
condition for q
Example 1:
p: This book is interesting.
q: I am staying at home.
p↔q:
This book is interesting if and
only if I am staying at home.
Example 2:
p: You can take the flight.
q: You buy a ticket.
p↔q:
You can take the flight if and
only if you buy a ticket.
The biconditional (p ↔ q) is the
proposition that is
TRUE when p and q have the
same truth values, and is FALSE
otherwise.
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
  For every implication or conditional
statement, you can construct its converse,
inverse and contrapositive.

 Suppose we have the following statements for

P and Q:

P: I am at home.
Q: It is raining.
 Forms of Conditional Propositions

Conditional p→q If p, then q

Statement
Converse q→p If q, then p

Biconditional p↔q p if and only if q

 Forms of Conditional Propositions
Other statements related to a conditional are its
inverse and its contrapositive.

Conditional p→q If p, then q

Statement
Inverse ~p → ~q If not p, then not q
Contrapositive ~q → ~p If not q, then not p
 Suppose we have the following statements for P and Q:

P: I am at home.
Q: It is raining.
 Implication: P→Q
If I am at home then it is raining.
 Converse: Q→P
If it is raining then I am at home.
 Suppose we have the following statements for P and Q:

P: I am at home.
Q: It is raining.
 Inverse: ~P→~Q
If I am not at home then it is not raining.
 Contrapositive: ~Q→~P
If it is not raining then I am not at home.
PRECEDENCE OF LOGICAL OPERATIONS
 TRUTH TABLES
~ pq
p q ~p ~p v q
T T F T
T F F F
F T T T
F F T T
 TRUTH TABLES
~ p ~ q
p
~ p ~
q q ~p ~q
F
~ p ~ q
T T F T
T F F T T
F T T F F
F F T T T
 TRUTH TABLES
~ p ~ q
p
~ p ~
q q ~p ~q
F
~ p ~ q
T T F F
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T T T
construct a truth table in
each of the following:
~ p  q~  ~ r
 p  r   (q  r )
 p ~ q  r
p ~ q  r
p q r ~q p ~ q
T T T F F T
T T F F F T

~ p ~ q
T F T T T T
T F F T T F
F T T F F T
F T F F F T
F F T T F T
F F F T F T
  p  r   (q  r )
p q r (pr) (qr) (pr)v(qr)

T T T T T T
T T F F F F

~ p ~ q
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
T
F T T T T T
F T F T F T
F F T T T T
F F F T T T
 Write compound statements in symbolic form:
p: Today is Friday.
q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie.
s: I am not going to the basketball game.
Exercise:
1. Today is Friday and it is raining. p ^ q
2. It is not raining and I am going to a movie.~q ^ r

3. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a

movie. ~s v r
4. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball
game. q→s
 A conditional is false only when the
antecedent is:
A. True and the consequent is false
B. False and the consequent is false
C. True and the consequent is true
D. False and the consequent is true
 In a conditional statement, unless
means “if not” and introduces…
A. An inverse
B. A negation

C. The consequent
D. The antecedent
If a conditional statement is TRUE., its
converse is sometimes TRUE.

Agree
Disagree
If a triangle is obtuse, then it has two
acute angles.
State the
contrapositive.
If a triangle has no two acute
angles, then it is not obtuse.
In a disjunction, even if one of the
statements is false, the whole disjunction
is still...
A. False
B. Negated
C. True
D. Both true and false