BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus, Tagbilaran City

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (GE 3)

SECOND SEMESTER S. Y. 2019 – 2020

Vision: A premier S & T university for the formation of a world class and virtuous human resource for sustainable
development in Bohol and the country.
Mission: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional and
technological fields; undertake research and development, and extension services for sustainable development of Bohol and
the country.
SECTION 5.1

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 1 Determine whether each sentence is a statement.

a. Open the door.
Ans. “Open the door” cannot be assigned true or false (infact, it is a command). So it
cannot be called a statement.
b. 7055 is a large number.
Ans. It is a statement. We may all know if 7055 is a large number or not. It is either true
or false but it is not both true and false.
c. In the year 2024, the president of the United States will be a woman.
Ans. It is a statement. We may not know if the problem president in United States will
be a woman or not. It is either true or false but not both.
d. x >3.
Ans. It is also a statement. It is an open statement. It is true for x >3, and it is false n any
values of x lower than 3. It is either true or false, but not both.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 2 Write the negation of each statement.

a. The Queen Mary 2 is the world’s largest cruise ship.
Ans. The Queen Mary 2 is not the world’s largest cruise ship.
b. The fire engine is not red.
Ans. The fire engine is red.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 3 Use p, q, r and s as defined in Example 3 to write the following
compound statements in symbolic form.
a. Today is not Friday and I am going to a movie.
Ans. p∧r
b. I am going to the basketball game and I am not going to a movie.
Ans. s∧ r
c. I am going to the movie if and only if it is raining.
Ans. r ↔ q
d. If today is Friday, then I am not going to a movie.
Ans. p → r

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 4 Consider the following statements.

e: All men are created equal.
t: I am trading places.
a: I get Abe’s place.
g: I get George’s place.
Write each of the following symbolic statements in words.
a. e ∧ t
Ans. All men are created equal and I am not trading places.
b. ∨ t
a
 Ans. I get Abe’s place or I am not trading places.
c. e → t
Ans. If all men are created equal, then I am trading places.
d. t ↔ g
Ans. I am trading places if and only if I get George’s place.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 5 Let p, q, and r represent the following:

p: Kesha’s singing style is similar to Uffie’s.
q: Kesha has messy hair.
r: Kesha is a rapper.
a. Write ( p ∧q) → r as an English sentence.
b. Write “If Kesha is not a rapper, then Kesha does not have messy hair and Kesha’s singing
style is not similar to Uffie’s.” in symbolic form.

ANSWERS:
a. Because the p and q statements both appear in parenthesis in the symbolic form, they
are placed to the left of the comma in the English sentence.
“If Kesha’s singing style is similar to Uffie’s and Kesha has messy hair, then Kesha is a
rapper.”

b. Because the not q and the not p statements are both to the right of the comma in the
English sentence, they are grouped together in parentheses in the symbolic form:
r →( q ∧ p).

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 6 Determine whether each statement is true or false.

a. 21 is a rational number and 21 is a natural number.
b. 4 ≤ 9.
c. −7 ≥−3.

ANSWERS:
a. True
b. True
c. False
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 7 Write the negation of the following statements.
a. All bears are brown.
b. No smart phones are expensive.
c. Some vegetables are not green.

ANSWERS:
a. Some bears are not brown.
b. Some smartphones are expensive.
c. No vegetables are green
SECTION 5.2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 1

a. Construct a truth table for ( p ∧ q) ∨( p ∨ q).
b. Use the truth table that you constructed in part to determine the truth value of
( p ∧ q)∨( p ∨ q), given that p is true and q is false.
Solution
 P q p p∧ q p ∨q ( p ∧ q)∨( p ∨ q)
q
T T F F F T T
T F F T T F T
F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T
a.

b. In row 2 of the above truth table, we see that when p is true, and q is false, the
statement( p ∧ q)∨( p ∨ q) in the rightmost column is true.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 2

a. Construct a truth table for ( p ∧r )∨(q ∧ r).
b. Use the truth table that you constructed in part a to determine the truth value of
( p ∧r )∨(q ∧ r), given that p is false, q is true, and r is false.

Solution
a.

p q r p r p ∧r q∧ r ( p ∧r )∨(q ∧ r)
T T T F F F F F
T T F F T F T T
T F T F F F F F
T F F F T F F F
F T T T F T F T
F T F T T F T T
F F T T F T F T
F F F T T F F F
b. In row 6 of the above truth table, we see that ( p ∧r )∨(q ∧ r) is true, when p is false,
q is true and r is false.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 4 Show that p ∨( p ∧ q) and p are equivalent.

Solution
p q q p∧ q p ∨( p ∧ q) p
T T F F T T
T F T F T T
F T F F F F
F F T F F F

Identical
truth values

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 5 Use one of De Morgan’s laws to restate the following sentence in
an equivalent form.
“It is not true that, I am going to the dance and I am going to the game.”
Solution
Let p represents the statement “I am going to the dance.” Let q represents the statement “I am
to the game.” In symbolic form, the original sentence is ( p ∨ q). One of De Morgan’s laws
states that this is equivalent to p ∧ q. Thus a sentence that is equivalent to the original
sentence is “I am not going to the dance and I am not going to the game.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 1 Show that p ∧( p ∧ q) is a self-contradiction.

Solution

p q p p ∧q p ∧( p ∧ q)
T T F F F
T F F F F
F T T T F
F F T F F

SECTION 5.3

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 1 Identify the antecedent and consequent in each of the following
conditional statements.
a. If I study for at least 6 hours, then I will get an A on the test.
b. If I get the job, I will buy a new car.
c. If you can dream it, you can do it.

Solution
a. Antecedent: I study for at least 6 hours
Consequent: I will get an A on the test
b. Antecedent: I get the job
Consequent: I will buy a new car
c. Antecedent: you can dream it
Consequent: you can do it

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 2 Determine the truth value of each of the following conditional
statements.
a. If 4 ≥3 , then 2+5=6.
b. If 5>9, then 4 >9.
c. If Tuesday follows Monday, then April follows March.

ANSWER.
a. Because the consequent is false, this is a false statement.
b. Because the antecedent is false, this is a true statement.
c. Because the consequent is true, this is a true statement.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 1 Construct a truth table for[ p ∧ ( p → q ) ]→ q.

Solution
p q ¿ ∧ ¿ → q¿¿ → q
T T T T T T T T T
T F T F T F F T F
 F T F F F T T T T
F F F F F T F T F

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 4 Write each of the following in its equivalent disjunctive form.
a. If I don’t move to Georgia, I will live in Houston.
b. If the number is divisible by 2, then the number is even.

ANSWERS:
In each case we write the disjunctive of the negation of the antecedent and the consequent.
a. I move to Georgia or I will live in Houston.
b. The number is not divisible by 2 or the number is even.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 5 Write the negation of each conditional statement.
a. If I finish the report, I will go to the concert.
b. If the square of n is 25, then n is 5 or -5.

ANSWERS:
a. I finish the report and I will not go to the concert.
b. The square of n is 25 and n is not 5 or -5.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 6 Use p, q, and r as defined in Example 6. Write the following
symbolic statements in words:
a. p ↔ r
b. q ↔ r
ANSWERS:
a. She will go on vacation if and only if she can get a loan.
b. She can take the train if and only if she can get a loan.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 7 State whether each biconditional is true or false.

a. x >7 if and only if x >6.
b. x +5>7 if and only if x >2.

ANSWERS:
a. False. Not all number greater than 6 will make the first statement true.
b. True. Both statements are true.

SECTION 5.4
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 1 Write each of the following in “If p, then q” form.
a. Every square is a rectangle.
b. Being older than 30 is sufficient to show that I am at least 21.

ANSWERS.
a. If it is square, then it is a rectangle.
b. If I am at least 21, then being older than 30 is sufficient to show.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 2 Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of “If we have a
quiz today, then we will not have a quiz tomorrow.”

ANSWERS.
 a. Converse: If we do not have a quiz tomorrow, then we have a quiz today.
b. Inverse: If we do not have a quiz today, then we have a quiz tomorrow.
c. Contrapositive: If we have a quiz tomorrow, then we do not have a quiz today.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 3 Determine whether the given statements are equivalent.
a. If a=b, then a ∙ b=b ∙ c.
If a ≠ b, then a ∙ c ≠ b ∙ c.
b. If I live in Nashville, then I live in Tennessee.
If I do not live in Tennessee, then I do not live in Nashville.

ANSWERS.
a. The statements are not equivalent.
b. The second statement is the contrapositive of the first. The statements are equivalent.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: 4 Write the contrapositive of each statement and use the
contrapositive to determine whether the original statement is true or false.
a. If 3+ x is an odd integer, then x is an even integer.
b. If two triangles are not similar triangles, then they are not congruent triangles.
Note: Similar triangles have the same shape. Congruent triangles have the same size and
shape.
c. If today is not Wednesday, then tomorrow is not Thursday.

ANSWERS.
a. If x is an odd integer, the 3+x is an even integer. This is a true statement, so the original
statement is also true.
b. If two triangles are congruent, then they are similar triangles. This is a true statement,
so the original statement is also true.
c. If tomorrow is Thursday, then today is Wednesday. This is a true statement, so the
original statement is also true.

MEMBERS:
RYSHELLE PIAMONTE
ELLEN ROSE ATUEL
ROSELYN ORAPA
IREC CELMAR
GRACE ESTANO