LOGIC

(cont.)

Logic is the study of Truth and how we can obtain

universal Truths through mathematical deduction.
It is the most basic language of mathematics.
Definition : P if and only if Q is called a
biconditional statement.

 P if and only if Q which is abbreviated as

“P iff Q” or P Q
 means P  Q and Q  P.
 is true when P  Q and Q  P are true
 means that P and Q are equivalent

statements.
Basic Truth Table

P q p pq pq pq pq

T T F T T T T

T F F F T F F

F T T F T T F

F F T F F T T
Compute the truth table for the following:

A. P ^ (~Q)

B. Q →(~P)

C. P →(~Q)

D. ~(P →Q)

E. (~Q) → (~P)

F. (P ^ ~Q) → (P v Q)
A. P ^ (~Q)

P Q ~Q P ^ (~Q)

T T
T F
F T
F F
A. P ^ (~Q)

P Q ~Q P ^ (~Q)

T T F
T F T
F T F
F F T
A. P ^ (~Q)

P Q ~Q P ^ (~Q)

T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F
A. P ^ (~Q)

P Q ~Q P ^ (~Q)

T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F
Tautologies, Contradictions and Contingency

A compound proposition that is always true,

regardless of the truth values of the
propositions that occur in it, is called
tautology.

A contradiction is a compound proposition that

is always false while a contingency is neither
tautology nor a contradiction.
B. Q →(~P)
Q P ~P Q →(~P)

T T F F
T F T T
F T F T
F F T T

Since one of the entries in the final row is F and the rest are Ts then the
compound proposition is a contingency.
 (P ^ ~Q) → (P v Q)
P Q ~Q P ^ ~Q PvQ (P ^ ~Q) → (P v Q)

T T F F T T

T F T T T T

F T F F T T

F F T F F T

Since the entries in the final column are all Ts then the compound
proposition (P ^ ~Q) → (P v Q) is a tautology.
Standard Forms of Valid
Arguments

 Direct reasoning
𝑝→𝑞
𝑝
∴𝑞
Examples
1. If it will rain then I will cook arrozcaldo.
It rained.
Therefore, I cooked arrozcaldo.

2. If I will review then I will score high in the

quiz.
I reviewed.
Therefore, I scored high in the quiz.
(I will score high in the quiz.)
Contrapositive reasoning

𝑝→𝑞
~𝑞
∴ ~p

Examples
1. If a number is divisible by two then it is
even.
Five is not even.
Therefore, five is not divisible by two.
2. If you are mathematically inclined then you
are good in accounting.
You are not good in accounting.
Therefore, you are not mathematically
inclined.

3. If revenue is greater than expense then the

business is gaining.
Business is not gaining.
Therefore, revenue is not greater than
expense.
Transitive Reasoning

𝑝→𝑞
𝑞→𝑟
∴ 𝑝 →𝑟
Examples
1. If I manage my time wisely, I will be able to
submit my requirements on time.
If I will submit my requirements on time
then I will have good grades.
Therefore, if I will manage my time wisely
then I will have good grades.
2. If a student is logical then he/she is a critical
thinker.
If a student is a critical thinker then he/she

makes wise decisions.

Therefore, a logical student makes wise
decisions.
Disjunctive Reasoning

𝑝∨𝑞
~𝑝
∴𝑞

Or
𝑝∨𝑞
~𝑞
∴p
Examples

1. Art will sing or Ben will dance.

Ben will not dance.
Therefore, Art will sing.

2. We will attend the mass or we will visit

grandma.
We will not attend the mass.
Therefore, we will visit grandma.
Forms of Invalid Arguments

Fallacy of the Converse

𝑝→𝑞
𝑞
∴𝑝
Examples

1. If you are friendly then you are popular.

You are popular.
Therefore, you are friendly.

There are popular individuals who are not

friendly.
2. If your parents are OFW then your guardian
is your aunt.
Your guardian is your aunt.
Therefore, your parents are OFW.

3. If a student is a Marian then he/she is God

fearing.
Carlo is God-fearing.
Therefore, Carlo is a Marian.
Fallacy of the Inverse
𝑝→𝑞
~𝑝 ∴
~𝑞

Examples

1. If your gadget is branded then your family is

affluent.
Your gadget is not branded.
Therefore, your family is not affluent.
2. If the flower is red then it is a rose.
The flower is not red.
Therefore, the flower is not a rose.

3. If I will cook noodles then my younger

siblings will be happy.
I did not cook noodles.
Therefore, my younger siblings are not
happy.
Of all types of reasoning, deductive reasoning
is the only one that guarantees its conclusions
in all cases.

SAB students are competent.

Shane is a SAB student.
Therefore, Shane is competent.
First born children are responsible.
Ferdie is a first-born.
Therefore, Ferdie is responsible.

Dogs are lovable.

Eloy is a dog.
Eloy is lovable.