GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Core Subject

Class No.: _____ Date: ______________________________

Name: ________________________________ Module 2 – 1st Quarter – SY: 2020 - 2021
Grade and Section: ______________________ Teacher: ___________________________

I. Title: TAUTOLOGY

II. Objectives:
After accomplishing this module, you must be able to:
1. identify a tautologous propositions.
2. construct a truth table for Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency and Equivalent
Propositions; and
3. judiciously apply logic in real – life arguments

III. Material/s:
For Reference/s: You may visit our Google Classroom for power point presentations and
sample computations.

IV. Time Frame: Week 1 Day 2 and 3

V. Concept:
WEEK 1 DAY 2 (Study the concept below, then proceed to the part VI Activity - A)
Can you think of a statement that could never be false? How about a statement that could
never be true? It is harder than you think, unless you know how to identify the truth value of
each arguments.

A truth table shows how the truth or falsity of a compound statement depends on the truth
or falsity of the simple statements from which it’s constructed (Ikenaga, 2019) There are
different types of compound proposition depending on its truth value on a truth table namely
Tautology, Contradiction and Contingency.

TAUTOLOGY CONTRADICTION
A compound proposition which is always A compound proposition which is always
TRUE FALSE.

Example. Example.
p ~p p v (~p) p ~p p ^ (~p)
T F T T F F
F T T F T F
Therefore, p v (~p) is a Tautology Therefore, p ^ (~p) is a Contradiction.

CONTINGENCY
A compound proposition which is sometimes TRUE and sometimes FALSE.
Example.
p ~p p^q
T T T
F F F
F T F
F F F
Therefore, p ^ q is a Contingency.

General Mathematics – Module 2 (First Semester, First Quarter) Page 1 of 5

 Examples:
Symbolize the compound propositions and construct a truth table to identify if it is a
Tautology, Contradiction or Contingency.

1. If I do not eat healthy foods then I will get sick.

p: I do not eat health foods
q: I will get sick
Symbol: ~p → q
Truth Table
p q ~p ~p → q
T T F T
T F F T
F T T T
F F T F
Conclusion: Therefore, ~p → q is a Contingency.

2. If the demand for sugar continues and the supply decreases, then the price will
inflate.
p: The demand for sugar continues.
q: The supply decreases.
r: the price will inflate.
Symbol: (p ^ q) → r
Truth Table
p q r p^q (p ^ q) → r
T T T T T
T T F T F
T F T F T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F T F F T
F F T F T
F F F F T
Conclusion: Therefore, (p ^ q) → r is a Contingency.

LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE
In logic, two propositions are logically equivalent if they have the same truth value.

Example. If I do not study hard, then I will fail. : ~p → q

I study or I fail : pvq
p q ~p ~p → q pvq
T T F T T
T F F T T
F T T T T
F F T F F
Therefore, ~p → q is logically equivalent to the statements p v q.

VI. Activity: Let’s try these!

For the Activity part, write your answers on the space provided.
A. Practice Exercises
Directions: Symbolize the following compound propositions and construct a truth
table to identify if it is a Tautology, Contradiction or Contingency.
(RUBRIC: Correct Symbols = 1 point, Truth Table = 2 points, Conclusion = 1 point)

1. If roses are red and violets are blue, then roses are not red.
Symbols: Truth Table:

Conclusion:

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 2. Manila City is the capital of Philippines or Manila City is not the capital of the
Philippines
Symbols: Truth Table:

Conclusion:

3. If the water is clear, then Juan can see the bottom of the pool.
Symbols: Truth Table:

Conclusion:

END OF WEEK 1 DAY 2

WEEK 1 DAY 3 (Answer the Formative Assessment, part VII Evaluation and part VIII
Reflection)

B. Formative Assessment
Directions: Construct a truth table for the following propositions and identify if it is
Tautology, Contradiction or Contingency. (RUBRIC: Truth Table = 2 points,
Conclusion = 1 point)
1. p → ~ p 2. (p ^ q) → p

Conclusion: Conclusion:
3. (p ↔ q) ^ (~p ^ q) 4. p → (q ^ r)

Conclusion: Conclusion:
5. (p v q) → (p ^ q)

Conclusion:

C. Formative Assessment
Directions: Construct a truth table for each proposition below, then determine which
two are logically equivalent. (RUBRIC: Truth Table = 2 points, Conclusion = 1 point)
1. ~q → p 2. ~ (p → q)

3. p v q Conclusion:

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VII. Evaluation: Let’s check your understanding! (Quiz No. 2 – 25 points)
For items 1 – 25, write your answers on the space provided.

A. Directions: Construct a truth table for each proposition below, then determine which
two are logically equivalent. (RUBRIC: Truth Table = 2 points, Conclusion = 1 point)

1 – 2. p → (q ^ ~q)

3 – 4. ~p → ~q 5 – 6. ~p v ~q

7 - 8. p → q 9. ~p

10. Conclusion:

B. Directions: Construct a truth table for the following propositions and identify if it is
Tautology, Contradiction or Contingency. (RUBRIC: Truth Table = 2 points,
Conclusion = 1 point)

11 – 12. ~ p → p

13. Conclusion:
14 – 15. (p ^ q) ↔ (q ^ p)

16. Conclusion:
17 – 18. (p ↔ q) ^ (~p ^ q)

19. Conclusion:

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 20 – 21. [p v (p ^ q)] ↔ p

22. Conclusion:
23 – 24. ~ (p ^ q) ^ (~r)

25. Conclusion:

VIII. Reflection: Make your own!

Create two (2) statements that are logically equivalent to each other and prove it by
constructing a truth table. Symbolize each statement by using p, q, r and s to
represent the given propositions.
Statement Symbols
1.

2.

Truth Table

END OF WEEK 1 DAY 3

(See you next meeting for MODULE 3.1)

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