ENGINEERING STANDARDS

SECTION 2 – HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

2) HEATING, VENTILATION
AND AIR CONDITIONING

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SECTION 2 – HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

2.1 AIR CONDITIONING ................................................................................................................. 14

2.1.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................ 14
2.1.1.1 Objectives.........................................................................................................................14
2.1.1.2 System Type Selection .....................................................................................................14
2.1.1.3 Energy Efficiency.............................................................................................................15
2.1.1.4 Design Criteria .................................................................................................................15
2.1.1.5 Heating & Cooling Loads.................................................................................................15
2.1.1.6 Zoning ..............................................................................................................................16
2.1.1.7 Acoustic performance.......................................................................................................17
2.1.1.8 Ventilation Requirements.................................................................................................18

2.1.2 CHILLED WATER GENERATION........................................................................ 19

2.1.2.1 General .............................................................................................................................19
2.1.2.2 Design Criteria .................................................................................................................19
2.1.2.3 Refrigerants ......................................................................................................................19
2.1.2.4 Efficiency .........................................................................................................................19
2.1.2.5 Equipment ........................................................................................................................20

2.1.3 HEATING................................................................................................................. 21
2.1.3.1 General .............................................................................................................................21
2.1.3.2 Design Criteria .................................................................................................................21
2.1.3.3 Load calculations..............................................................................................................21
2.1.3.4 Hot Water Boilers.............................................................................................................21
2.1.3.5 Steam Boilers ...................................................................................................................21
2.1.3.6 Steam Pressures................................................................................................................21
2.1.3.7 Pipework Design Criteria .................................................................................................21
2.1.3.8 Equipment ........................................................................................................................22
2.1.3.10 Fuel Selection...................................................................................................................22
2.1.3.11 Fuel Storage .....................................................................................................................22
2.1.3.12 Boiler Stacks ....................................................................................................................23

2.1.4 SPECIFICATION AND APPLICATION GUIDE ................................................... 23

2.1.4.1 General Supply & Extract. Reference is made to separate section 2.2 .............................23
2.1.4.2 Fan Coil Units ..................................................................................................................23
2.1.4.3 Convector Heating............................................................................................................23
2.1.4.4 Bathroom Heating ............................................................................................................23
2.1.4.5 Thermostats ......................................................................................................................24
2.1.4.6 Air Supply, Return and Exhaust Systems.........................................................................24

2.1.5 ENVIROMENT & ENERGY CONSERVATION ................................................... 24

2.1.5.1 Benchmarks......................................................................................................................24
2.1.5.2 Fancoils ............................................................................................................................24
2.1.5.3 Variable Frequency Drives...............................................................................................24
2.1.5.4 Building Management Systems ........................................................................................25
2.1.5.5 Heat Recovery ..................................................................................................................25
2.1.5.6 Alternative Energy Sources..............................................................................................26
2.1.5.7 Chilled Water Storage ......................................................................................................26
2.1.5.8 Evaporative Cooling.........................................................................................................26
2.1.5.9 Economiser.......................................................................................................................26
2.1.5.10 Commissioning ................................................................................................................26
2.1.5.11 Chillers .............................................................................................................................27
2.1.5.12 Cooling Towers ................................................................................................................27

2.1.6 COMMISSIONING & TESTING ............................................................................ 27

2.1.6.1 General .............................................................................................................................27
2.1.6.2 Water Distribution Systems ...............................................................................................27
2.1.6.3 VAV Systems ...................................................................................................................28
2.1.6.4 Building and Energy Management Systems .......................................................................28

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SECTION 2 – HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

2.1 AIR CONDITIONING

2.1.1 GENERAL

2.1.1.1 Objectives
The objective of air conditioning is to provide comfort to all areas of the hotel for guests as well as
employees in a cost-effective manner. Temperatures and Indoor Air Quality shall be maintained in
accordance with parameters as specified in this section.

Guest Rooms
The system shall be capable to satisfy guest’s desired comfort level in the range from 20ºC to 25ºC.
During occupancy the selected temperature shall be constantly maintained 24 hours/ day at any time of
the year - irrespective of external temperature variations. Humidity shall be controlled within a range of
40% up to 65% (tropical) via primary air systems. Fan coils in rooms shall only be required to remove
sensible heat.

2.1.1.2 System Type Selection

There are many factors that affect the choice of air conditioning systems. The design engineer should
make an analysis of all relevant details and ascertain an appropriate solution.

The design engineer should utilise calculation procedures established by ASHRAE and CIBSE for
determining heating and cooling plant capacities

Life cycle cost evaluations shall be made for the central plant. In general, all system selections shall be
based on sound engineering principles and a comparison made between reasonable capital and operating
and maintenance costs.

1. Building Automation System

The entire air-conditioning plant shall be controlled and supervised by this system as detailed in
section 2.3.

2. Guest rooms
In order to achieve the above objective the preferred system for is 4-pipe fan coils located in the
ceiling void of the entrance lobby area. 2-pipe systems are satisfactory for locations with no heating
requirements. Electric reheat may be considered, where low heating loads can be satisfied
economically. Primary air of 90 cbm/hr shall be introduced into every room (module) & exhausted
via the bathroom (85 cbm/hr).

Additional convector heating may be required in front of large windows.

Bathrooms located adjacent an exterior wall require radiator heating. Interior bathrooms do not. In
moderate climate zones heated towel racks shall be provided, connected to the heating circuit of the
4-pipe system. Where economically feasible they may be electrically heated.

3. Public and service areas

The preferred systems for public areas such as banquet and meeting facilities, restaurants, and
lobby areas are variable air volume (VAV). All other systems shall be medium pressure constant
volume with two-speed motors except for systems <3,000 cbm/hr.

Additional convector heating may be required in front of large windows whenever the calculated
winter heat transmission of the room exceeds 450W or 650W where double glazing is provided.

4. Computer rooms, Telephone Operator office, and Elevator plant rooms

Independent self-contained units.

5. Shops, departmental offices

Individual fancoils in addition to minimum fresh air & exhaust.

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6. Laundry and kitchens

100% outside air. Spot cooling required to 24ºC over all workstations.

2.1.1.3 Energy Efficiency

General
Air conditioning systems may consume between 30% (moderate climate) up to 50% (tropical) of the
hotel’s total energy costs. All systems shall be designed in an energy efficient manner. Reference is
made to detailed guidance in section 2.1.6.

Systems with high air volumes above 10,000 cbm/hr shall have heat recovery, where economically
feasible. The thermal wheel is the preferred method of heat recovery for guest room fresh air/ exhaust,
lobby areas, ballrooms, i.e. areas with long operating hours. Where exhaust and supply are remote from
each other run-around coils can be used. Indoor pool systems shall recover latent energy, irrespective of
their volume.

Note: no heat recovery for kitchen and laundry systems due to grease and lint built-up.

Benchmarks
Total annual electricity consumption shall not exceed the following values:
Electricity consumption shall not exceed (note: hotels with electric chillers)
Moderate climate zone: 145 KWh/sqm/year
Mediterranean climate: 155 KWh/sqm/year
Tropical climate: 200 KWh/sqm/year

Total annual net energy consumption shall not exceed:

Total energy consumption shall not exceed (note: laundry included. W/o: deduct 25%).
Moderate climate zone: 180 KWh/sqm/year. (without laundry: 135 KWh/sqm/yr)
Mediterranean climate: 140 KWh/sqm/year
Tropical climate: 80 KWh/sqm/year
Note: see detailed section 2.1.6

2.1.1.4 Design Criteria

Outside conditions:
The summer design conditions shall be based on statistics of the most recent 10-year period, published
by the official weather bureau of the country. They shall be based on 2 %, i.e. during this percentage of
total cooling time the average maximum temperatures can be exceeded.

The winter design conditions shall be based on the 1% of the lowest temperatures recorded during the
last 10-year period.

2.1.1.5 Heating & Cooling Loads

1. The full cooling loads shall be included for individual spaces. Diversity: The grand total calculated
cooling load can be reduced by 20% for guest rooms and 25% for all other areas to obtain the
simultaneous load.

2. The central chiller plant shall not be required to operate during the heating season. When ambient
temperature falls below 14oC free cooling shall be used by supplying up to 100% outside air. Any
interior spaces requiring additional cooling shall have independent cooling units or be fed via an
economiser directly from the cooling tower, where feasible.

3. The following guidelines shall be used to determine people load:

Ballroom and function rooms: 1.2sqm/persons
Pre-function foyer: 1 sqm/ person
Restaurants/ Bar: 1.4 sqm/ person
Disco/Assembly: 0.65 sqm/ person
Lobby: 5 sqm/ person
Guest Rooms: 2 persons/ standard room module
Suites: 6 persons/ standard room module

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4. Ballroom and Conference Rooms:

Lighting load calculations shall include the most demanding lighting set up of multiple use systems.
They shall include spotlights for fashion shows and exhibitions, which are the most demanding
loads.

5. Guest Rooms:
Fancoils shall satisfy full load at speed II of III (summer:22oC, winter:24oC). This will allow for
quick cool-down or heat-up after unoccupied periods and lower/higher temperatures than designed
for. Suites shall have central thermostatic controls for combined room modules.
Presidential and other large special suites shall include cooling loads for additional food &
beverage and audio-visual equipment, not normally supplied in typical rooms. At speed II, dB level
shall not exceed 32dB.

Winter humidification is not a requirement for most installations. However in areas where the ambient
relative humidity levels are consistently below 40%, humidification should be provided for guest rooms
via primary air systems and any other areas as approved by IHG.

2.1.1.6 Zoning
1. Each separate functional area of the hotel must be served by a separate air conditioning system. The
basic reason is that unused areas can be shut down for energy conservation. A further advantage is that
failure of one system limits the area of involvement and is easier to cope with operationally.

Individual temperature controlled zones shall be provided for each space having distinctive heating
and cooling load characteristics; or function, occupancy, or temperature or ventilation
requirements.

2. Non-critical areas such as housekeeping, staff lockers etc may be combined as a single temperature
controlled zone.

3. Computer and elevator plant rooms shall have their own independent self-contained air conditioning
systems. Elevator plant rooms, usually located at rooftop, may also be supplied from conditioned
exhaust air in lieu of dedicated systems.

4. Interior areas, which may require cooling during winter periods, when chillers are off (generally at
ambient temperatures <14oC), could be cooled directly from cooling towers via plate/frame heat
exchangers, depending on ambient temperatures.

5. Kitchen hoods shall be of the induction type, injecting app.10%-30% (higher volume in tropical
areas) via adjustable nozzles. Temperature shall not drop below 18oC as otherwise oil particles
would condense. Pastry and cold preparation area shall be zoned to maintain lower temperatures of
21oC than the surrounding kitchen, which maintains 27oC.

6. Laundry fresh air should be ducted to work stations and exhaust from and above equipment.
Flatwork ironers and dryers need to be connected directly to exhaust, which also shall be insulated.
Additional cooling shall be achieved via local recirculating fan coils for spot cooling.

7. Department Head offices in the back-of-house, such as those for Laundry, Engineering,
Housekeeping, Kitchen, Steward, Personnel, Accounting etc. shall have their own dedicated
airhandlers and fan coils (individual rooms) to maintain comfort conditions.

8. Shops generally have high lighting and people loads, which shall be taken into consideration.

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2.1.1.7 Acoustic performance

Reference is made to the following table and relevant acoustic standards in section 2.4.

2.1.1.8 Design Criteria

Room Ambient Temperature and Humidity Design Criteria
Temperature Relative Temperature Sound
Summer Humidity Winter Pressure
Levels
°C % °C NC
Guest Room 22.0 50 24.0 27*
Guest Bath 22.0 24.0 35
Guest Corridor 24.5 50 21.0 40
Guest Service Area 25.5 55 20.0 40
Guest Vending Area 25.5 55 20.0 40
Public Spaces 23.0 50 23.0 35/40
Conference Rooms 23.0 50 23.0 30
Public Toilets 23.0 50 21.0 40
Retail Shops 23.0 50 21.0 35
Health Club:
Office 23.0 50 21.0 40
Changing Rooms 23.5 50 22.0 35
Sauna Rest Area 23.5 50 25.0 35
Massage Area 23.5 50 21.0 35
Exercise Room 23.5 50 21.0 35
Indoor Swimming Pool 26.5 50 26.5 40
(See Note)
Hotel Offices 23.0 50 21.0 40
Department head offices in service 23.0 50 21.0 40
areas (Laundry, Housekeeping,
Chief Engineer, Personnel, Cost
Control, Purchasing, IT, Steward
etc)
Computer Room ** 23.0 50 21.0 40
Entrance Vestibules - - 18.5 -
Fire Stairs (Exterior) - - 12.5 -
Kitchen/Pantries (See Note) 27.0 - 18.5 50
Pastry 21.0 - 20.0 50
Kitchen Preparation & 21.0 - 20.0 50
Finishing
Roomservice 23.0 23.0
Chef’s office 23.0 23.0
Laundry (See Note) 28.0 - 20.0 50
Valet (See Note) 28.0 - 20.0 50
Housekeeping 25.5 50 21.0 45
Employee Dining 24.0 50 21.0 40
Employee Locker & Shower 25.5 - 21.0 45
Areas
Maintenance Work Shops 26.5 - 18.5 45
Telephone Switchboard Room 23.0 - 21.0 30
Telephone Equipment Room 23.0 - 21.0 35
Radio and TV Equipment 23.0 - 21.0 45
Elevator Machine Room 30.0 - 18.5 45-50
Storerooms:
General and Bulk 26.5 - 18.5 -
Wine (red) and Beverage 20.0 - 18.5 -
Mechanical Plant 30.0 - 18.5 -
Equipment Rooms 30.0 - 18.5 -
Engineer Control Room 23.0 50 24.0 45
Enclosed Garages 30.0 - 12.5 60

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2.1.1.9 Ventilation Requirements

Minimum Minimum Outdoor Air
Room Air Change Per Person Per Unit
Per Hour l/s/person l/s/m²
Guest Room Primary Fresh Air Exhaust:85 m³/hr 12.5 = 90 m³/hr/room
Guest Room - 25 –2per room module
Guest Room Suites 6 persons
Lobbies 10 - 0.75
Public Corridors 5 - 0.15
Rentable Shop Area 10 - 0.5
Barber/Beauty Shop 15 12 4.5
Restaurants 12 7 -

Bars/Cocktail Lounge 15 15 -
Night Club 15 15 -
Prefunction 10 7 -
Ballroom 15 7 -
Function/Meeting Rooms 15 10 -
Entertainers Dressing Rooms 10 5 -
Translation Booths 10 5 -
Secretarial Service 6 - 0.25
Offices 6 10 -
Public Toilets 15 - 3.5
Exercise Room 12 - 0.25
Dressing Rooms 12 5 -
Massage Rooms 15 7 -
Enclosed Swimming Pool 10 - 0.25
Kitchen/Pantries For Load - -
Bakery Finishing Area For Load - -
Food Preparation Area For Load - -
Laundry 20 - -
Valet 25 - -
Housekeeping 12 - -
Public Telephones 10 5 -
Telephone Switchboard 10 10 -
Telephone Equipment For Load - 1
Executive Dining Room 12 7 -
Food Storerooms 6 - 0.75
General Storerooms 4 - -
Mechanical Plant 20 - -
Generator Room 20 - -
Transformer Room 20 - -
Electric Switchboard Room 6 - -
Engineering Shops 6 - 25
Employees Locker Rooms 4 - -
Cleaners'Closets 12 - -
Pool Equipment Room 20 - -
Fan Rooms 6 - -
Garbage Sorting Room 12 - -
Ice Machine Rooms 12 - -
Guest Floor Linen Storage 6 - -
Projection Room 25 5 -
Garage Space/Car Park 6 - -
Elevator Machine Room For Load - -
Computer Room For Load - 24(total)
Control Room For Load - 24(total)

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SECTION 2 – HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

2.1.2 CHILLED WATER GENERATION

2.1.2.1 General
The Hotel' s refrigerant plant shall be of the central chilled water type. The refrigerant units shall be of
the scroll, screw or centrifugal compressor type. Absorbers may be used if operating costs are lower.
Life cycle cost calculations shall be prepared to evaluate the feasibility of the most appropriate solution.
The selection shall be based upon the availability and reliability of utilities and their costs, local service
quality, redundancy factors, future expansion plans, and annual cooling load profile. Care shall be taken
to ensure that year-round comfort conditions can be maintained as specified in sections 2.1.1&2. In
moderate climate zones low loads must be satisfied economically during spring and autumn periods,
when simultaneous heating and cooling is required in 4-pipe systems. The system must have the
ultimate approval of IHG.

2.1.2.2 Design Criteria

Selecting Type and Capacity
The size of the cooling load will partially dictate which type shall be selected. The following table
illustrates this.

Table 2.1.2.2A
Cooling Load Compressor Type Nº of Machines % Capacity each
< 20 kW Scroll Two 67
20 - 200 kW Scroll Two/Three 67
> 200 kW Centrifugal/Screw Three 50

The installed redundancy required shall also be influenced by the number of hours external temperature
exceeds 13ºC in an average year. However, table 2.3B1 should take preference if there is any
contradiction. If reciprocating compressors or absorbers are to be utilised, a study into their
consumption as compared to the above must be carried out with satisfactory results. Table 2.3B2 also
applies to major plant items listed in this section such as chilled water pumps, condenser water pumps,
air cooled condensers and cooling towers.

Table 2.1.2.2B
Nº of Hours external temperature No of Units
exceeds 13ºC (per year)
≤ 5,000 2 @ 67%
> 5,000 3 @ 50%

Consideration should be given to possible additional chilled water demand from kitchen refrigeration
equipment, water-cooled ice machines on guest room floors, and any other requirements unique to the
particular hotel. They should have separate cooling towers unless year-round air conditioning provides
cooling towers continuously in operation.

2.1.2.3 Refrigerants
The chillers shall be using refrigerants, which have the least impact on the ozone layer as well as global
warming. CFCs shall not be used.

Compressed Scroll Scroll Screw/Centrifugal

Refrigerant R410A R407C R134A
Output <20kW 20-200kW >200kW

2.1.2.4 Efficiency
Centrifugal refrigeration units shall provide a cooling capacity at an approximate electrical Integrated
Part Load Value (IPLV) of 0.55 kW per ton.

IPLV. Reference is made to ARI 550/590-1998, according to the formula:

IPLV = 1/(0.01/A+0.42/B+0.45/C+0.12/D).

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A=1 % - 100% load at condenser temperature 29.4oC in KW/ton

B = 42% - 75% load at condenser temperature 23.9oC in KW/ton
C = 45% - 50% load at condenser temperature 18.3oC in KW/ton
D = 12% - 25% load at condenser temperature 18.3oC in KW/ton

2.1.2.5 Equipment

1. Air Cooled Condensers

Each condenser section shall have multiple condenser fans, direct driven, with three phase TEFC
motors having permanently lubricated bearings. Fans should be upward discharge and are to be
provided with wire mesh guards/bird screens. Condenser coils should be polyester coated at the
factory to protect against a damaging environment. All motors should be complete with power
factor capacitors to 0.95.

2. Cooling Towers
To prevent spread of legionella bacteria special care shall be taken regarding its location relative to
the prevailing wind and hotel system’s fresh air intakes. Automatic water treatment shall include
dosing pumps and automatic blow-down.

Cooling towers are to be multi-celled (one for each chiller). The cooling tower should be of the
induced draft type. ‘Blow through’ type should only be used when there are space restrictions or
acoustic problems. Induced draft is preferred due to its higher efficiency and fume velocity. The
towers should be constructed of materials best suited for the ambient conditions at the location.
Motors are to be located out of the air stream. The cooling towers should be rated to satisfy the
cooling load, all inefficiencies occurring in cooling towers and consideration for future additional
loads. A 10% safety factor should be added. The approach shall be <4ºC in locations with >5,000
cooling hours otherwise can be up to 6ºC.

Cooling towers must be located where the generated noise and moist discharge air will not be
objectionable (or recycled) and where not readily visible to hotel guests. The preferred location
would be on the high roof of the guest tower, remote from the boiler flue.

Consideration should be given to using closed circuit cooling towers particularly if it is intended to
use the condenser water in conjunction with a free economiser cooling cycle or heat recovery.

3. Pumps
The pumps for primary and secondary cooling distribution shall be of the centrifugal type. The
following table illustrates the type of centrifugal pump to be used in corresponding applications.

Table:2.1.2.5A

Circuit Condenser Chilled Secondary Low Flow Rate

Flow Rate water Water Water
> 25 l/s Horizontal Horizontal - -
Split Case Split case
< 25 l/s Vertical Split Vertical Split Vertical Split -
Case Case Case
Low Flow Rate - - - Close Coupled
Vertical Split Case

Constant speed motors should drive all primary pumps. Secondary pumps should be driven by
variable frequency controlled motors (two-way valves and differential pressure controls shall not be
permitted for use).

Pumps shall be designed and guaranteed for continuous or intermittent service when operating at
design speed at any point over the full range of the pump curve. This shall be achieved without
overheating the motor or bearings, without exceeding the nominal horsepower of its motor and
without producing noise audible in any area of the building outside of space in which it is installed.
Pumps shall be designed and tested at 1.5 times the scheduled working pressure.

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4. Pressurisation Units
The chilled water and heating systems shall be provided with independent pressurisation.

2.1.3 HEATING

2.1.3.1 General
The preferential choice of the boiler plant is for a mixed installation type. The heating and domestic hot
water should be generated from hot water boilers operating at a maximum of 93°C.

Alternatively, hot water shall be generated through the use of heat pumps which also provide free
cooling to adjacent areas.

The steam requirements of the hotel, such as for the laundry, valet and kitchens should utilise high-
pressure steam generators or boilers, operating at 860kPa. Steam boilers for laundry and kitchens may
also satisfy hot water and other heating requirements in locations with little or no winter heating. Local
district heating shall be used in lieu of boilers where available.

2.1.3.2 Design Criteria

Selection of boiler capacities shall be based on the 1% winter design temperature of the location using
the last 10-year weather-bureau statistics.

2.1.3.3 Load calculations

Total calculated load shall be reduced by 25% for all public and service areas and 20% for guest rooms
in order to obtain simultaneous heating loads.

Guideline for laundry demand is app. 7.5 kg linen/room/day, requiring 2.5 kg steam/kg.

A typical 300-room hotel would daily consume 300*7.5*2.5 = 5,625 kg steam. The corresponding fuel
consumption is app. 430 litres (#2).

Typical total hot water consumption figures for hotels are 200 litres/day/guest (33% of total), which
includes public and service areas, laundry and pool.

2.1.3.4 Hot Water Boilers

Winter Design Temperature Nº of Boilers
< + 4°C (40°F) 2 @ 100%
> + 5°C (41°F) 2 @ 67%

2.1.3.5 Steam Boilers

Design Temperature Nº of Boilers
All temperatures 2 @ 100%

2.1.3.6 Steam Pressures

Equipment Type Pressure (kPa)
Laundry Equipment 860
Valet Equipment 490
Kitchen & Dishwashing Equipment 210
Hot Water Heaters 35-70

2.1.3.7 Pipework Design Criteria

Water velocities within piping shall be based on the following table:
Type of Services Velocity (m/s)
General Service 1.0 to 3.0
City Water 0.9 to 2.1
Boiler Feed 1.8 to 4.6
Pump Suction & Drain Lines 1

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SECTION 2 – HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

2.1.3.8 Equipment

1. Boiler Plant
The preferred hot water design is of the packaged 3 or 4-pass Scotch-Marine type wet back boiler.
Burners may be gas/oil depending upon the cost and availability of fuels (see fuel selection).
Combination gas-oil system is required where gas is available. Where gas burners are installed, the
gas train shall include two safety valves. Fire tube boilers shall not be used.

2. Steam Plant
The preferred high-pressure steam plant is the Scotch-Marine type 3 or 4-pass design. The boiler
shall be of wet back construction. Boilers shall be of welded construction throughout. Plant shall
be supplied with packaged type automatically controlled de-aerator unit, which shall be complete
with transfer pumps and boilers feed pumps (one for each boiler), plus a standby pump. Water tube
boilers with steam produced inside coils are not acceptable due to their excessive coil failures.

3. Controls
The combustion controls shall include ignition control, starting and stopping of the failure control.
Burners shall be microprocessor controlled and fully modulating, capable of handling any load
from 20% to 100% of boiler capacity. Parameters such as CO, CO2/O2 shall be monitored in the
flue-gas to modulate fuel/air ratio accordingly to maximum efficiency. Where boilers are supplying
steam to laundry and kitchen(s), they shall be equipped to operate automatically at two pressure
levels.

2.1.3.9 Efficiency
The combustion efficiency of the boilers should not fall below 91% of the net calorific value of the fuel
throughout all firing ranges. Radiation losses shall not exceed 0.5%. Consideration should be given to
select boilers with blue-flame and low NOx burner technologies.

Condensate return from laundry shall include flash steam recovery to pre-heat domestic hot water via
flash steam vessel and dedicated heat exchanger.

2.1.3.10 Fuel Selection

The Design Engineer shall investigate alternative fuel options. A cost-benefit analysis shall be carried
out to determine the most appropriate choice of fuel. The evaluation must include such items as
government restrictions, local restriction, fuel company supply restrictions, security of fuel supply,
length of time required for fuel delivery, capacity of fuel trucks, gas pressure and quality fluctuations
etc. It is essential that the selected fuel must be readily available throughout the entire year.

2.1.3.11 Fuel Storage

In the case of oil, the normal required storage capacity is two weeks. If there is potential for a problem
of delivery, larger storage capacity shall be required. Fuel oil shall be stored in two tanks, preferable
below grade in a location near the boiler plant and remote from the front entrance of the hotel.

The tanks should be double wall fibreglass construction. The tanks should be installed over pea gravel
on concrete foundations in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Tanks should have integral
ribs.

An annular space between the primary and secondary shall be provided in order to allow for free flow
and containment in case of leakage from the primary tank. Tanks shall be provided with monitoring
fittings, both at the primary and secondary tanks.

Provide remote reading at the Building Engineer’s office via the building automation system. The fully
automatic electronic fuel oil tank gauging and leak detection panel shall provide continuous indication
of oil level for each tank, overfill protection, monitoring of annular spacing and monitoring of piping
system/overflow alarm.

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2.1.3.12 Boiler Stacks

Boiler stacks must be carefully sized for the total simultaneous capacity of the plant and other fuel fired
devices in order to maintain reasonable flue gas velocities for the fuel being burned, the firing
equipment and the available draft. Multiple flues may be required in some installations because of
equipment location or types.

2.1.4 SPECIFICATION AND APPLICATION GUIDE

2.1.4.1 General Supply & Extract. Reference is made to separate section 2.2

2.1.4.2 Fan Coil Units

The fan coil unit should be of the blow through type. The fans should be centrifugal, forward curved,
double width, galvanised housed, directly connected to extended motor shaft. The motor should be
permanent split capacitor type, with thermal overload protection and sealed lubrication. The motor
wiring should include a quick disconnect for easy fan board removal. Water coils should be four-row
split types. The required cooling and heating capacity of the fan coil shall be achieved at medium
speed. Setting the fan coil to high speed allows quick cool down or heat-up.

Electric resistance heating coils are permitted where heating requirements are minimal and electricity
costs low. Coils should include high limit thermal cut-outs.

Double construction insulated drain pan should be included with each fan coil. Foam insulation is not
acceptable and should be fibreglass. The fan coil unit valve package must be also installed above an
appropriate drain pan.

Where there is both, heating and cooling requirement, the preferred system is a four-pipe type. The fan
coil units should have independent heating and cooling circuits with separate control valves on each.

A two-pipe system is suitable in buildings with no heating requirements.

The second preference for fan coil units with cooling and heating requirements is the two pipe
changeover system (using a separate zone for each exposure up to a maximum of four) with an auxiliary
electric heating coil for intermediate seasons where simultaneous heating and cooling is required.

Of least preference is the two pipe chilled water system with electric heating coil sized for the heating
load of the room. This system should only be used in areas with mild heating season or where electric
utility tariff structure results in a lower operating cost than other fuel sources. IHG must approve the
proposed system.

All fan coil units shall have strainers ahead of controls. Coils require vent and drain. Air filters shall be
accessible for easy removal.

2.1.4.3 Convector Heating

Supplementary heat in the form of a baseboard convector under the window of a typical guest room is to
be used whenever the calculated winter heat transmission of the room exceeds 450W, unless insulating
glass is used, in which case the above allowable transmission load can be increased to 650W. The need
for heat in rooms other than typical guest rooms (eg, rooms below the roof, etc) will be determined as a
function of the need for heat in the typical room outlined above.

2.1.4.4 Bathroom Heating

Where the guest bathroom is located on an exterior wall, bathroom heating will be provided for all
hotels when the winter design temperature is below 16°C.

Bathroom heating shall be designed to maintain 24°C, taking into account the various heat transmission
losses as well as the guest room ventilation air which is exhausted through the bathroom.

A finned convector located under the window or a section of finned tube radiator with enclosure located
under the bathroom lavatory should provide heating or provide heated towel rack.

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2.1.4.5 Thermostats
Wall mounted thermostats for guestrooms shall be combination cooling/heating thermostat with on-off
switch and 3-speed fan control. When setting temperature a red/blue dial indicator shall be used to
select heating or cooling. Controls for radiators in front of windows (where installed) shall be interfaced
with the room thermostats.

2.1.4.6 Air Supply, Return and Exhaust Systems

Each separate functional area of the hotel must be served by a separate air conditioning. The basic reason is
that unused areas can be shut down for energy conservation. A further advantage is that failure of one
system limits the area of involvement and is easier to cope with operationally. Rooms serving similar
functions, such as meeting rooms, can be combined if each zone can be controlled separately.

Except for primary air and exhaust systems with constant 100% air volumes (such as guest rooms,
laundry or kitchens), the preferred type is medium pressure variable air volume systems. Where
conventional low pressure, constant volume air supply and return systems are used, they shall have as a
minimum two-speed motors.

2.1.5 ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY CONSERVATION

2.1.5.1 Benchmarks
Total annual electricity consumption shall not exceed the following values:
Electricity consumption shall not exceed (note: hotels with electric chillers)
Moderate climate zone: 145 KWh/sqm/year
Mediterranean climate: 155 KWh/sqm/year
Tropical climate: 200 KWh/sqm/year
Typical full operating hours for hotels are: 5,000-5,500 hrs/ year. Therefore, maximum peak demand
shall be calculated as follows:

Annual consumption (net area * benchmark)/ full operating hours.

Total annual net energy consumption shall not exceed:

Total energy consumption shall not exceed (note: laundry included. W/o: deduct 25%).
Moderate climate zone: 180 KWh/sqm/year. (without laundry: 135 KWh/sqm/yr)
Mediterranean climate: 140 KWh/sqm/year
Tropical climate: 80 KWh/sqm/year

Figures relate to the net available energy available at the boiler outlet and equal to the amount otherwise
supplied via a district heating source. Typical full operating hours for hotels are 2,000-2,500 hrs/ year.
The higher values are valid for hotels with absorber chillers and laundry. Maximum demand,
determined by the engineers, shall not exceed these figures and is calculated as follows:

Total annual consumption/ full operating hours. If in excess IHG approval is required.

2.1.5.2 Fancoils
Motors shall have split capacitor.

Induction units are not a IHG standard for luxury hotels. Self-contained units have a short equipment
life and are less efficient than fan coils.

Consideration should be given to interface of fan coils via the BMS system. This serves the purpose of
controlling vacant rooms'air conditioning and power supply to lights as well as monitoring comfort
conditions during occupation. In addition, the temperature setting of the guest room controller shall be
limited to 23ºC ± 3ºC.

2.1.5.3 Variable Frequency Drives

Secondary circuit pump motors shall be variable frequency drives to maintain constant pressure. Two-way
valves shall be used to modulate flow at coils.

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2.1.5.4 Building Management Systems

All systems shall be controlled by the BMS system and incorporate the following energy conservation
functions:
• Supply air reset from specific load demands
• Economiser control (ratio return/outside air)
• Optimum start/stop
• Dead zone control (21-24ºC)
• Time of day, day of week, holiday programming
• Outside air control in accordance with actual people load for larger systems (CO2-air quality
monitoring)
• Supply heating water reset in accordance with outside temperature changes
• Chilled water reset based on monitoring selected area' s comfort conditions
• TRAV control (terminal regulated air volume)
• VAV fan matching and supply fan control
• 2-or multiple speed motor control of CAV systems
• Peak demand control, where applicable
• Staggered restart of fans, pumps etc. after power failures

2.1.5.5 Heat Recovery

Heat recover should be used for all systems with large air volumes (>10,000m³/hr) and long operating times
such as guest rooms and lobbies.

The merit of each heat recovery system shall be evaluated either individually or in combination with others,
depending on the design approach.

1. Air to Air
• Thermal wheel: app.: 75% efficiency
• Run-around-coil: app.: 40% efficiency (winter only)

Heat recovery from kitchen and laundry exhaust is not recommended because grease and lint clogs up
recovery coils fast, thus reducing air volumes and efficiency.

Thermal Wheels
Thermal wheels should be utilised where economically feasible. Volumetric capacities should range
from 450ls-1 to 30m³s-1, face velocities should be limited to 2-4ms-1.

Advantages of thermal wheels are (I) reduction in energy consumption, hence costs, (ii) reduction in
necessary installed capacity, hence reduced costs , (ii) a reduction in environmental pollution and (iv) a
reduction in humidification, less water is used.

However the disadvantages are (i) the initial capital costs of the product, (ii) the additional plant area,
(iii) an increase in fan power requirement and (iv) the maintenance of the unit.

Heat recovery shall be provided for units > 10.000m³/hr and with long operating times. Typical feasible
systems are fresh air/ exhaust for guestrooms, lobbies, large ballroom and function rooms. Indoor
swimming pools shall have latent heat recovery, irrespective of size.

2. Air to Water
Latent heat recovery from indoor swimming pools for heating pool water and reducing ventilation
requirements (heat pump).

Heat recovery from boiler flue gas may only apply to inefficient old boilers in existing buildings.

Recovery of Steam and Condensate Energy

Flash steam recovery from laundry condensate.

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3. Water to Water
Refrigeration cooling circuit for pre-heating hot water.

Chiller condenser circuit for pre-heating hot water. Note: Separate circuits within chiller may reduce
its efficiency if load profile insufficient.

Recovery of Waste Heat from Engine Driven Generator Exhaust

4. Co-generation
Co-generation or combined heat and power plant (CHP): the simultaneous generation of electricity and
heat. They now achieve an overall efficiency of 88% relative to the net calorific value. Over 50% of
the input energy is recovered from the jacket water and exhaust.

Feasibility: as a rule of thumb, if the cost of 3 kWh is at least 30% more than the cost of one litre of fuel
or one cubic metre of gas. Payback period shall not exceed 5 years.

They must be sized and operated in accordance with the hotel’s heating (not electric) requirements.
Rejecting excess heat via cooling towers shall not be permitted, as otherwise efficiency & payback
would quickly drop. CHP plants shall only be considered where local maintenance is guaranteed.

Where installed consideration should be given to utilise CHP plants as required emergency power
supply.

5. Recovery of Energy in Air or Water and Transfer to Air or Water

• Heat pumps

2.1.5.6 Alternative Energy Sources

Alternate energy sources can be:
• Solar heating. Not economically feasible with present technology. Improved recovery rates, decreased
capital costs and much higher energy cost may justify such an investment in the future.

• Utilisation of lake, river or sea water for condenser cooling may be appropriate for hotels located
nearby such sources.

• Wind and water energy are generally not economically feasible with the exceptions listed above for
water.

2.1.5.7 Chilled Water Storage

Chilled water storage is applicable only if high electricity peak demand charges and low night tariffs are
applied. Sufficient space for storage containers must also be available. Size of chillers will also be reduced
(smaller equipment).

2.1.5.8 Evaporative Cooling

Desert coolers are not permitted because of the danger of biological fouling (Legionnaire’s disease).
Cooling in this mode shall be assessed on a case by case basis.

2.1.5.9 Economiser
During winter periods cooling towers can be used for direct cooling without the operation of chillers.
Feasibility applies if sufficient cooling loads are available and the outside temperature drops below 10oC.

2.1.5.10 Commissioning
Proper commissioning procedures of the building' s mechanical, systems are an important requirement to
achieve energy efficiency. This does not only ensure that all systems are in perfect working order, but also
that all specified capacities and efficiencies are being achieved. For example, unbalanced water and air
systems require the equipment to run longer and harder to maintain comfort conditions. Wrong adjustments
or incomplete system functions result often in penalties on comfort and energy bills.

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2.1.5.11 Chillers
1. Select the cheapest energy source: evaluate centrifugal versus absorption.
2. Condenser water temperatures should be as low as possible to optimise chiller efficiency. Chiller
shall control condenser water temperature to optimise its efficiency.
3. If cooling becomes necessary in winter for computer rooms or other internal loads, evaluate
requirement for separate smaller packaged reciprocating unit. The smaller chiller may be more
economical to run than large chillers with large pumps. Consider separate self contained units
(split/DX), unless sufficient internal loads justify a small chiller.
4. Centrifugal chillers'efficiencies shall not be less than 0.55 KW per ton of refrigerant capacity.
Scroll & screw units'efficiencies shall not be less than 0.60 Kw per ton over the entire load range.
5. Each unit shall have a Kwh meter and temperature sensors in chilled and condenser water supply
and return piping installed.
6. They shall be connected to the BMS system to constantly indicate operating efficiency.

2.1.5.12 Cooling Towers

1. IHG standard is multi-celled induced draught type with variable speed motors to control
temperature. Forced draught towers use more energy and are only permitted if space for induced
draught towers is not available.
2. The approach shall be 3ºC in tropical and subtropical locations. In other climate zones it shall not be
more than 5ºC.
3. Consideration shall be given to provide free cooling via plate heat exchangers/closed circuit cooling
tower during winter periods.
4. Closed circuit cooling towers for free-cooling should be considered.

2.1.6 COMMISSIONING & TESTING

2.1.6.1 General
The ease with which systems may be commissioned is often dependent on the level of planning that occurs
at the design stage and the standards to which the works are executed.

Air Systems
Particular attention shall be paid to the following:

• The selection of ductwork components, configuration and layout which ensure that the system is as
inherently stable and self balancing as possible

• The selection of fans with duty points on a stable part of the fan curve and capable of producing
between 110 and 115% of the design flow against the estimated index branch resistance

• Good ductwork design and installation

• Having the correct type of damper in the necessary positions. Grille and diffuser dampers shall not be
used for any purpose other than fine adjustment of terminal volume flow rates

• Adequate space for access to all plant and equipment

• Careful consideration of the siting of test holes in ductwork and the provision of ductwork
configuration that facilitates accurate flow rate measurement

2.1.6.2 Water Distribution Systems

Particular attention should be paid to the following:-

• The selection of pipework components, configuration and layouts which ensure that the system is as
inherently stable and self balancing as possible

• Pipe sizing that provides adequate velocities to ensure accurate flow measurement and prevention of
static air pockets but not excessive velocities which may give rise to noise generation and erosion of
system components

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• The selection of pumps with duty points on a stable part of it'

s characteristic and capable of producing
between 110 and 115% of the design flow against the estimated index branch resistance

• Adequate facilities to enable the system to be flushed, vented and drained properly

• Adequate space for access to all plant and equipment, especially adjacent to flow measurement and
regulating devices and pressure/temperature test points

• The proper selection, sizing, positioning and installation of flow measurement and regulating devices

2.1.6.3 VAV Systems

Particular attention should be paid to the following:-

• The provision of full and proper design information in particular the extent of factory calibration and
site testing of terminal units, diversity patterns and tolerances for regulations and test results

• Good ductwork design and installation

• The use of straight duct connections between branch ducts and VAV terminal units to ensure uniform
air flow

• The careful selection of grilles and diffusers and the avoidance of those with differing characteristics on
the discharge from VAV terminal units

• Fan and VAV terminal unit selection

• Adequate space for access to all plant and equipment, the provision of suitable test points and proper
means of access to these

2.1.6.4 Building and Energy Management Systems

Particular attention should be paid to the following:

• The interaction with other systems such as fire and security systems and plant with integral controls e.g.
boilers and chillers

• The documentation of control requirements in a format that is comprehensible to the controls designer,
contractor, installer, commissioning engineer and end user is essential

• The provision of "manual" switch positions to enable plant commissioning

• The agreement at an early stage with all parties, in particular the end user, of mnemonics used to
identify points on graphic screens and the presentation of graphic information

Flushing, Cleaning and Chemical Treatment

The HVAC Contractor shall thoroughly clean and flush all water distribution systems prior to the
commencement of any commissioning:-

Immediately after the cleaning and flushing procedure has been completed the system shall be chemically
treated with passivators, biocides and corrosion inhibitors.

Cleaning of Air Distribution Systems

The HVAC Contractor shall thoroughly clean all ductwork, internally and externally and all equipment and
components by vacuuming and wiping prior to the fixing of any grilles, diffusers or other terminal devices.

The ductwork systems shall be "blown through" in sections by the isolation of branches using volume
control or fire dampers, in a logical manner, with the system fan or fans running.

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Handover of Air and Water Distribution Systems

The HVAC Contractor shall test, demonstrate and certify the cleanliness of all systems prior to handing
them over to the Commissioning Specialist.

Remedial Works
The HVAC Contractor shall remedy any faults, errors or omissions reported to him by the Commissioning
Specialist with all due haste so as not to delay the progress of the commissioning.

Design Information
The designer shall provide all necessary design information to enable the Commissioning Specialist to
undertake his duties. This information shall include:-

• Design drawings showing the layout of the system in relationship to the building and other engineering
services

• Fully detailed and quantified schematic diagrams of all distribution systems

• Schedules of major plant, equipment, components and terminal devices

• Control system logic diagrams and philosophy

The following additional information, which may not be available until after the appointment of the HVAC
Contractor, shall also be provided where applicable:

• Electrical diagrams of associated plant and equipment

• Control system diagrams

• Fan and pump performance curves

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