Inference about a population mean when σ is unknown Inference about a population proportion Inference about

independence between two

variables

Type of Two Sample difference between Two-Sample difference between

One-Sample (Ch 19) One- Sample Two categorical variables
Procedure means (Ch 20) proportions
Type of
Quantitative Quantitative Categorical Categorical Categorical
variable(s)
Distribution t (Table C) t (Table C) z (Table A) z (Table A) Chi-square (Table E)
SRS (2 SRS if 2 sample) or comparative randomized experiment
SRS
2 independent SRS or randomized Use the chi-square when:
Normal sampling distribution
Normal sampling distribution – comparative experiment (same as for 2-
 Sample sizes of <15: use t procedures if the data are close to sample difference in means) The samples are simple
Sample sizes. For hypothesis random samples or come
Normal (roughly symmetric, single peak, no outliers) (if 2 Normal sampling distribution - sample size
testing: from randomized
samples then both population distributions should be normal) (for hypothesis testing): the number of
Conditions for  Sample sizes of >= 15 but < 40: use t procedure except in the comparative experiments.
 n(p0) >= 10 successes and the number of failures in each
inference presence of outliers or strong skewness (for 2 samples then n 1  n(1 − p0) >= 10 No more than 20% of the
sample is at least 5
+ n2 >= 15 & n1 +n2 < 40) expected cell counts are less
 Sample sizes of >= 40: use t procedures even for clearly For confidence intervals: [Note: the pooled proportion is the pooled than 5.
skewed distributions or those with outliers. (if 2 samples then proportion of successes.]
 When the number of All individual expected cell
both population distribution may be highly skewed
successes and the number of counts are 1 or more.
failures are both at least 15.

√
s 1 1
Standard
SE x  p(1− p) pˆ (1  pˆ )   N/A
deviation
n n  n1 n2 

Degrees of
Freedom n-1 n-1 (choose smaller n) N/A N/A (r-1)(c-1)

H0: p = ?? H0: There is no relationship

Null H0: μ1 = μ2 or H0: p1 = p2 or
H0: μ = ?? between categorical variable
Hypothesis H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 H0: p1 - p2 = 0
A and categorical variable B.

2-tail: HA: μ ≠ ? 2-tail: HA: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0 2-tail: HA: p ≠ ? 2-tail: HA: p1 - p2 ≠ 0 HA: There is a relationship
Alternative 1-tail (R): HA: μ > ? 1-tail (R): HA: μ1 - μ2 > 0 1-tail (R): HA: p > ? 1-tail (R): HA: p1 - p2 > 0 between categorical variable
Hypothesis 1-tail (L): HA: μ < ? 1-tail (L): HA: μ1 - μ2 < 0 1-tail (L): HA: p < ? 1-tail (L): HA: p1 - p2 < 0 A and categorical variable B.

x 1 1
Test statistic t pˆ (1  pˆ )  
s/ n z=(
p̂ 1 - p̂ 2)/(  n1 n2  )

s12 s 22
Confidence
s
interval x  t* C I  x1  x 2   t *  *not on exam 3* N/A
n n1 n 2