Test

Non
Parametric test
parametric test

Chi square
Z test t test
test
 Z-test

Test for Test for

mean proportion

Significance of Significance of
Significance of Significance of single double
single mean double mean proportion proportion
 Significance difference of single Mean

Significance difference of double Mean ( Independence

sample test)

t- test
Significance difference of pair t-test( dependence sample test

Significance difference of correlation coefficient

Significance difference of Regression coefficient

 Characteristics or properties of
t-distribution
• Like Z-distribution ,t-distribution is continuous
distribution.
• The curve is bell shaped and symmetrical
about the line t=0 and value of t range from
- to +
• For different sample size ,the t distribution is
also different and it is flatter than the normal
distribution.
• t-distribution is lower at the mean and flatter
at the tails than normal a distribution.
However the curve approaches to normal for
large n.
• t- distribution can be used even in case of
large sample but the large sample theory can
not be used for small sample.
 Z test
• Z test is the significance of parametric tests for
sampling of variables and sampling of attributes.
The sampling of variables comprises the test of
significance of single and double means. Whereas
sampling of attributes comprises the test of
significance of single and double proportions.
• In Z test, the distribution of sample statistic of
random sample approach to the normal
distribution as “n” becomes increasingly large
 t test
• When the population standard deviation is
unknown and is replaced by an estimate
based on the data, the test statistic (under
certain conditions) follows a Student's t
distribution.
 Condition of Z and t test
Z test t test
 in large samples (n > 30)  Population standard
 Z-tests always use normal deviation is Unknown
distribution and also  Sample size is small(n≤30)
ideally applied if the  The parent population
population standard from which the sample is
deviation is known. drawn.
 The sample are large.  The sample are
 The sample are independent and are
independent. drawn by random sampling
method.
 Significance of single Mean
Z test
Test of statistics Under Ho
t test
x   Test of statistics
z 
 Under Ho
x 
OR
n t 
x μ  S
z , for large sample, σ  S n
S
n
Confidence interval for single mean Confidence interval for single
mean
x  Z  SE ( x ) x  t , n 1 SE ( x )

Where SE ( x )  Where , SE ( x )  S
n n
s
Or SE( x) 
n
 Cont…
Z test t test

 x  x 
2

 or s  S
1
 x  x 2

n 1
n
OR

x x
2
 x 
2
1  
2
Or  or s    s

 x 
2 
n  n  n 1 

  
n 

 Example
In the 20-74 year 45 old male population the mean
serum cholesterol is 211 mg/ml with a standard
deviation of 46 mg/ml .Test the hypothesis at 5 % level
of significance, where population mean 225 mg/ml.
Also construct 95% confidence interval of population
mean.

A research team measured tidal volume 15 in

experimental animals. The mean and standard deviation
were 45 and 5 cc, respectively. Do these data provide
sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean of
tidal volume is 40 cc? Let α = .05. Also construct 95%
confidence interval of population mean.
 Example
The mean plasma potassium level for 50 adult male
with a certain disease was found to be 3.35mEq/litre
and the standard deviation was 0.50mEq/litre. The
normal adult value for plasma potassium is
4.6mEq/litre. Based on the above data, can it conclude
that the male with disease have lower plasma
potassium level than normal males?
A sample of eight patients admitted to a hospital with a
diagnosis of biliary cirrhosis had a mean IgM level of
160 units per milliliter. The sample standard deviation
was 50.Do these data provide sufficient evidence to
indicate that the population mean is 150? Let α =.o5.
 Example
The following are the head circumference (in cm)
at birth of 15 infants.
33 39 33
38 40 35
32 33 34
35 37 33
33 35 32
• Test the sample mean with the population mean
34.5.
 Significance of Double Mean

Equal variance
assumed
t- test
Independence Unequal variance
sample test assumed
Z test
 Significance of Double Mean
Z test t test(Equal variance
assumed)
x1  x 2
Z x1  x2
1  2 t
2 2


n1 n2 1 1
s p   
2
x1  x 2
or , Z 
2
s1 s
2  n1 n2 
 2
n1 n2
For large sample ˆ 1  s1 andˆ 2  s 2
 C.I for Double Mean
Z test t test

x
1  
 x 2  Z  SE x1  x 2  x1  x2   t ,n  n 2 SE x1  x2 
1 2


Where, SE x1  x 2    12
n1

 22
n2 SE x1  x 2   S p
1 1

n1 n2
 
2 2
s1 s2
or , SE x1  x 2  
n1 n2
 Cont….
 2 2 
    
 x   x  
1 
 2  1  2  2   
s 2  1
x    2
x  
p n  n 2  n
1
n
2

1 2  

 


s 2
 x x
1 1
2  x x
2 2
2  
p n n 2
1 2

s 2 
n1  1s1  n2  1s2
2 2

p n n 2
1 2
 Example
Test the hypothesis at 5% level of
significance. Also calculate 95%C.I.

x1  10.1  1  3.6 n1  33
x 2  7.7  2  3.4 n2  35
 Example
Justify the conclusion given below by applying the
appropriate statistical method.
Sex No.( n ) Mean serum S D
Male 18 7.21 0.26
Females 12 6.90 1.28
Serum protein is different in females and males at
1% level of significance.
 Significance difference of double
mean( unequal variance)
• Two population variance are unequal.
Problem called Behrens-Fisher problem

x1  x2
t' 
 s1 s2 
2 2
  
 n 
 1 n 2 
The critical value of t with degree of freedom is

2
S S2 2


 n  1 2


 '  1 n2 
2 2
S  2
S  2

 n 
1

 n  2

 1    2 
n1  1 n2  1
Confidence interval of difference of two mean
 x1  x 2   t ,   x1  x 2 
2 2
S1 S2
SE  x1  x 2   
n1 n2
 Example
Justify the conclusion given below by applying the
appropriate statistical method
Sex Number Mean serum S D Protein
n protein level level
Male 18 7.21 0.26
Females 7 6.90 1.28
Serum protein is different in females and males at
1% level of significance.
Significance of single Proportion
pP
z 
PQ
n
and confidence interval is
p  Z  SE ( p )
pq
SE ( p ) 
n
where
• P=population proportion of success.
• Q=population proportion of failure.
• p= sample proportion of success.
p=x/n
• n=sample size
 Example
• A survey of 90 recently delivered women on the
rolls of a county welfare department revealed
that 27 had a history of intrapartum or
postpartum infection. Test the null hypothesis
that the population proportion with a history of
intrapartum or postpartum infection is less than
or equal to. 35. Let α=.o5.Determine the C.I.
 Example
• In a sample of 150 hospital emergency
admissions with a certain diagnosis, 128 listed
vomiting as a presenting symptom. Do these
data provide sufficient evidence to indicate , at
the .01 level of significance, that the
population proportions less that 0.92 ?Also
calculate 99% C.I.
Significance of Double Proportion
p1  p 2
Z
P1Q1 P2 Q2

n1 n2
p1  p 2 ˆ n1 p1  n 2 p 2 ˆ
or , Z  , P , Q  1  Pˆ
 1 1  n1  n 2
Pˆ Qˆ   
 n1 n 2 
and confidence interval of difference of two mean is
( p1  p 2 )  Z  SE ( p1  p 2 )
p1 q1 p 2 q 2
SE ( p1  p 2 )  
n1 n2
 Example-
• In a survey, 1000 males and 1000 females
were examined. 234 males and 266 females
showed evidence of caries. Test if the
difference observed in the two series is
statistically significant. Also calculate 95% C.I.
 Significance Difference of Pair t test
Under Ho
d
t , and Confidence interval of pair t tes t is
sd
n
sd
d  t ,n 1 SE (d ), where , SE (d ) 
n

d
 d
, d  Y  X (Post test - pre test)
n

2  d 
 d  d 
2 1  2
s  , or s   d  
d n 1 d n 1 n 
 Example
Memory capacity of 10 nursing students was tested
before and after training ,state whether the training
was effective or not from the following scores:
Roll
number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Before
training
12 14 11 8 7 10 3 0 5 6
After
training
15 16 10 7 5 12 10 2 3 8
 Z table
Level of significance(One
tail α ) 0.5 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.0027
Confidence interval 0.5 0.90 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.9973
Zα  - 1.28 1.645 1.75 1.88 2.05 2.33 2.78
Level of significance(Two
tail α ) 0.5 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.27
Confidence interval 0.5 0.90 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.9973
Zα 0.6745 1.645 1.96 2.05 2.17 2.326 2.576 3.00

t table
The tabulated value of t as follows:
One tail α = 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
Two tails α = 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
df =1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.656
2 1.886 2.92 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 1.44 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.397 1.86 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.25
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.35 1.771 2.16 2.65 3.012
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 1.337 1.746 2.12 2.583 2.921
17 1.333 1.74 2.11 2.567 2.898
18 1.33 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.323 1.721 2.08 2.518 2.831
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.5 2.807
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.316 1.708 2.06 2.485 2.787
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.31 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.75
60 1.296 1.671 2 2.39 2.66
120 1.289 1.658 1.98 2.358 2.617
∞ 1.282 1.645 1.96 2.326 2.576