Formula List

Measures of Central Location and Dispersion

N n

 xi x i
μ i 1
x i 1
N n

N n

 (x i  μ) 2  (x i  x) 2
σ2  i 1
s2  i 1
N n 1

2 2
 N   n 
  xi    x i 
x i   i1   
N n

 2

N
 xi 
2 i 1

n
σ2  i 1
s 2  i1
N n 1

N
μ  E(X)   x i P(xi ) σ 2  V(X)   (x i  μ) 2 P(xi )   x 2i P(xi )  μ 2
i 1

Standard Deviation
CV   100%
Mean

P P
L P  (N  1)  L P  (n  1) 
100 100

Normal and Sampling Distributions

x μ
Z
σ

σ X μX
μX  μ σX  Z
n σX

p(1  p) pq p̂  μ p̂
μ p̂  p σ p̂   Z
n n σ p̂
 Confidence Intervals
Quantitative or Numerical data:

 s z2 / 2 2
X  z / 2 X  t / 2; n 1 n
n n B2

Qualitative or Categorical data:

pˆ (1  pˆ ) pˆ qˆ z2 / 2 pˆ qˆ
pˆ  z / 2 or pˆ  z / 2 n where qˆ  1  pˆ
n n B2

Hypothesis Testing

X  X 
Quantitative or Numerical data: z t n -1 
/ n s/ n

p̂  p
Qualitative or Categorical data: z where q  1  p
pq
n

Correlation Analysis and Simple Linear Regression Analysis

n x i y i x 2
i y 2
i x y i i x y

( xi )2  ( yi ) 2 
  xi y i   i  i 
1  1  1  x y 
S x2 
n  1 
i
x 2

n 
 S y2 
n  1 
 i
y 2

n 
 S xy  
n 1 n 


Correlation Coefficient

S xy S xy r
r  tn  2 
Sx S y 2
S S
x
2
y 1 r2
n2
Sample regression line

S xy
yˆ  ˆ0  ˆ1 x ˆ1  ˆ0  y  ˆ1 x e  y  yˆ
S x2

SSE and Standard error of estimate

 2 S xy2  SSE SSE

SSE  (n  1) S y  2  s2  or s 
 Sx  n2 n2

Test statistic for the significance of the population slope

ˆ1  1 s
t n2  s ˆ 
s ˆ
1
1
(n  1) S x2

Coefficient of Determination

SSE
R2  1 SST  (n  1) S y2 R2  r 2
SST