Chapter 16

Data Analysis:

Examination of Differences
Summary Table on Inferences About a Single Mean

 Known  Unknown
Small n: Use Small n: Use (x  )
t
(x  ) sx
z where
x
Distribution of s
(X i  x )2
Variable in n 1
Parent and refer to t table for n-1
Population is degrees of freedom
Large n: Use Large n:
Normal or
Symmetrical (x  ) Since t distribution approaches the
z normal as n increases, use
x
(x  )
t
sx
for n>30.
Summary Table on Inferences About a Single Mean

 Known
Small n: There is no theory to
support the parametric test. One
must either transform the variate
so that it is normally distributed
and then use the z test or one
must use a distribution free
Distribution of statistical test.
 Unknown
Small n: There is no theory to support the
parametric test. One must either transform
the variate so that it is normally distributed
and then use the t-test or one must use a
distribution free statistical test.

Variable in
Parent Large n: If the sample is large Large n: If sample is large enough so that:
enough so that the Central
Population is Limited Theorem is operative,
1. The Central Limit Theorem is operative.

Asymmetrical use 2. s^ is a close estimate of , use

(x  ) (x  )
z z
x sx
Summary Table on Inferences About the Difference in Two Means

 Known  Unknown
Small n: Small n: Can you assume 1 = 2?
1. Yes: Use pooled variance t-test where
Use
( x1  x2 )  ( 1   2 ) ( x1  x2 )  ( 1   2 ) and s
z t x1  x2 
 x1  x2 s x1  x2

Distribution of where
2 2 (X i1  x1 ) 2   ( X i 2  x2 ) 2  1 1 
    
Variable in  x1  x2  1
 2
n1  n2  2  n1 n2 
n1 n2
Parent
with n1+n2-2 degrees of freedom.
Population is
Normal or 2. No: Approach is shrouded in controversy.
Might use Aspin-Welch test.
Symmetrical Large n: Large n: Use ( x1  x2 )  ( 1   2 )
z
Use ( x1  x2 )  ( 1   2 ) s x1  x2
z
 x1  x2 and use pooled variance if variances can be
assumed equal, unpooled variance if equality
assumption is not warranted.
Summary Table on Inferences About the Difference in Two Means
 Known
Small n: There is no theory to support the
parametric test. One must either transform
the variates so that they are normally
distributed and then use the z-test or one
must use a distribution free statistical test.
Large n: If the individual samples are
Distribution of large enough so that the Central Limit
Variables in Theorem is operative for them
separately, it will also apply for their
Parent sum or difference. Use
Population are
Asymmetrical
( x1  x2 )  ( 1   2 )
z
 x1  x2
 Unknown
Small n: There is no theory to support the
parametric test. One must either transform
the variates so that they are normally
distributed and then use the t-test or one must
use a distribution free statistical test.
Large n: One must assume that n1 and n2 are
large enough so that the Central Limit
Theorem applies to the individual sample
means. Then it can also be assumed to apply
to their sum or difference. Use
( x1  x2 )  ( 1   2 )
z
s x1  x2
employing a pooled variance if the unknown
parent population variances can be assumed
equal and unpooled variance if the equality
assumption is not warranted.
Research Realities 3: Testing for International Marketplace
Differences
Research Realities 3, continued
Research Realities 4: Examples of the Value in Testing Proportions
Research Realities 4, continued
 Appendix 16

Analysis of Variance
Example Illustrating Conceptual Underpinnings of Analysis of Variance

Situation A Situation B
Group Group
1 2 3 1 2 3
20 30 40 10 10 10
20 30 40 15 20 20
20 30 40 20 30 40
20 30 40 25 40 60
20 30 40 30 50 70
x.J =XIJ = 20 30 40 20 30 40
x.J =
nJ
x.. =XIJ =30 x.. =30
n
SST = k nj SST
  (XIJ-x..)2
j=1 i=1
= (20-30) +...+(30-30)2+...+ (40-30)2=1000
2
= (10-30)2+...+ (50-30)2+...+ (70-30)2=4850
k nj
SSW =   (XIJ-x.J)2 SSW
j=1 i=1

= (20-20) +...+(30-30)2+...+ (40-40)2=0

2
= (10-20)2+...+ (50-30)2+...+ (70-30)2=3850
k
SSB
SSB =  nJ (x.J x..)2
j=1
= 5(20-30)2+5(30-30)2+ 5(40-30)2=1000 = 5(20-30)2+5(30-30)2+ 5(40-30)2=1000
Analysis of Variance Tables for Situations A and B

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean F

Variation Squares Freedom Square Ratio

SITUATION A

Between Group 1000 2 500

Within Group 0 12 0
Total 1000 14

SITUATION B

Between Group 1000 2 500 1.56

Within Group 3850 12 320.8
Total 4850 14