Unit III

QUANTUM MECHANICS

Subject Teacher:
Dr. Rupali Nagar
Assistant Professor
Dept of Applied Science
Contact details:
i.rupali.nagar@sitpune.edu.in
ii.Office: Faculty Room 5, Opp. Surveying Lab, I Floor
iii.020-2811 6467, 020-6193-6467

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

Syllabus

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

The experimental background of quantum physics

• Bohr’s atomic model
• Photon
• photoelectric effect
• Compton scattering
• double slit experiment
• black body radiation
• spectrum of hydrogen-like atoms

The correspondence principle, Wave-particle duality, , wave functions, the Schrödinger equation,
wave packets, Expectation values, operators, uncertainty relations.

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar
Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar
Source: https://www.andylacroce.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/30976775430_2137c177e0_o.png

© 2023 Digital Figments: For classroom demonstration purpose only.

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

Newtonian
Mechanics
• Objects/ systems are made up of particles

• Particles are indivisible

• Classical laws are written in terms of particle trajectories

• Position and Momentum

Dynamics of material bodies and
matter-radiation
interaction together with
• Trajectory How object will move, Maxwell electromagnetic theory

• Newton's laws can be used to predict the state of the systems

• Two identical systems with the same initial conditions, subject to the same measurement will yield the same result

Principle of Causality

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

 Objects when hot, glow in red.

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

Blackbody Radiation

Source: https://www.knoe.com/2021/07/14/weather-academy-color-vs-heat/

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

Thermal Images

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camera

Source: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/thermographic-inspections

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

 The intriguing case of a Black Body

Lummer-Pringsheim experiment

Source: https://vijayacollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Thermal-Radiation-.pdf

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

 Gas Spectrum v/s BB Radiation

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

 Characteristics of BB Radiation

• The blackbody spectrum depends only on the temperature of the

object, irrespective of material type.

• As T of the BB increases, it emits more blackbody energy at all

wavelengths.

• As T of the BB increases, the peak wavelength of the blackbody

spectrum shifts toward shorter wavelength. For example, blue
stars are hotter than red stars.

• The blackbody spectrum always becomes small at the left-hand

side (the short wavelength, high frequency side).

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

 Conclusions
1. As the shapes of the curves (for any particular temperature) are not symmetric, therefore, the

energy is not uniformly distributed in the radiation spectrum of a black body.

2. At a given temperature, the intensity of the radiations increases with the increase in
wavelength, reaches maximum value at a particular wavelength (λ) and afterwards decreases
with further increase in wavelength.
3. As clear from the dotted line, the value of λm decreases with the increase in temperature.

According to Wien’s law;

λm*T = constant = 0.2896 × 10-2 mK

4. With the increase in temperature, intensity corresponding to each wavelength increases

thereby indicating increase in energy emission for all wavelengths.

5. The area under the curve (E) increases with the increase in temperature as T 4. Stefan’s law:

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

 BBR-Discussion

• BB maintained at 5800 K
• Wein’s law predicted the high
frequency experimental data very
well but failed at lower frequency
• Rayleigh-Jean’s law predicted the
BBR curve very well for low
frequencies but failed at higher
frequencies.

Source: Adapted from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93Jeans_law
Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar
 In 1900, Planck deviated from the idea of CONTINUOUS Energy exchange between
matter (i.e. the Black Body or PERFECT ABSORBER) and radiation (i.e. emitted
wavelengths).

He postulated that the matter and radiation exchange energy discretely, in multiples of
frequency ‘ν’.

He later stated that E = nhν, where h: Planck’s constant = 6.626×10-34 J-s

By introducing the concept of QUANTIZED ENERGY, Planck

successfully could explain the experimental curve of the Black Body
Radiation. This was a very important turning point in theoretical Physics
that pointed towards new rules of Physics that we now know as Quantum
Mechanics (/Physics).

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

 Problems on Wein-Displacement Law
Assuming human body to be a perfect absorber i.e. a black body and that
the normal body temperature is 98.6 °F, estimate the peak wavelength
emitted.

Solution: λm*T = constant = 0.2896 × 10-2 mK

Now, 98.6 °F = 37 °C.

Thus, in Kelvin, 37 °C is 310 K.

λm = 0.2896 × 10-2 mK/ T (K) = 9.34 × 10-6 m

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

Problems on Wein-Displacement Law (…contd.)
Now, assume that the person is running a fever and the body temperature
is 101.5 °F. Estimate the peak wavelength of the radiation emitted by the
person.
Proceed the problem in the similar manner solved on
Solution:
the previous slide OR use λm*T = constant

Note that 101.5 °F = 38.61 °C. Thus, in Kelvin, 38.61°C is 311.61 K.

λm,new = λm,old*(Told/Tnew) = 9.314 μm * (310/311.61)

= 9.266 μm

So, as temperature of the person increases, associated peak wavelength decreases

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar

Problems on Wein-Displacement Law (…contd.)
Assuming a black body is maintained at 400 °C, estimate the wavelength
corresponding to the maximum emission from the given black body.

Hint: λm*T = constant

In Kelvin, 400 °C is 673 K.

Physics // AIML // A&B // Jan’23 Semester Dr. Rupali Nagar