SUB: HEAT TRANSFER

Name : Mahida Jaydip G.

EN.NO : 210640119522

SUBMITTED TO : SUSHANT PRAJAPATI

TOPIC : BLACKBODY RADIATION
 Topics of Discussion:
 What is Blackbody Radiation?

 History of Blackbody Radiation

 How has this discovery impacted

Modern Physics?

 Applications of Blackbody Radiation

 Gustav Kirchhoff

 German physicist
 3/12/1824 – 10/17/1887
 Contributed in the Areas
of:
- Electrical Circuits
- Spectroscopy
- Blackbody
Radiation
Image Credit: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
 Spectroscopy

 Spectroscopy - is the scientific study of an

object based on the dispersion of said object’s
light into its component colors.
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Hot, dense object will produce a
Continuous Spectrum.
- This is what Kirchhoff termed a Blackbody.

2. Hot, low density object will produce an

Emission Line Spectrum.
3. A cool, low density gas in front of a
continuous light source will produce an
Absorption Line Spectrum.
 Blackbody
 Theorized in 1859 by
Gustav Kirchhoff.
 An ideal physical
body.
 Absorbs 100% of all
incident radiation and
reflects or transmits
none.
 Emits 100% radiation.

Image Credit: NASA

 Blackbody Radiation
 A Blackbody in thermal equilibrium emits EM
radiation termed Blackbody Radiation.
 Universal Property: Independent of material
used.
 Led to relation between radiation intensity (I),
temperature (T), and wavelength ( λ ).
 Blackbody Curves
 Helped prove thermal radiation was also EM
radiation.
 Many physicist attempted to characterize
shape of Blackbody curve…
Blackbody Radiation

Image credit: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Attempts to Find Best Fit Formula
 Wien’s Displacement Law:
 Relation between peak wavelength
and temperature.
 Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
 Relation between temperature
and the power per unit area.
 Rayleigh-Jeans Formula:
 Relation between radiation
intensity, temperature, and
wavelength.
 Ultraviolet Catastrophe!
Raleigh-Jeans Law

Image credit: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

 Failures to Model Blackbody Curves

 Rayleigh-Jeans Formula
 Rayleigh-Jeans model failed to comply with
experimental data at high frequencies

 Wien’s Radiation Law

 Wien's model failed to comply with experimental
data at low frequencies.
 Max Planck
 (Apr. 1858 to Oct. 1947)
 Approach to Blackbody
Radiation Problem
 Planck’s Radiation Law

 Mathematical Trick
Image credit: Hulton Archive/Getty Images  h = Planck’s Constant
 Discrete Values of Energy:
E = nhf
 How Did Blackbody Radiation
Impact Modern Physics?
 Led to established relationships between light
intensity, wavelength, and temperature:
 Wien’s Displacement Law
 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
 Rayleigh-Jeans Formula
 UV Catastrophe
 Planck’s Radiation Law
 Discrete Values Led to Best Fit for Experimental
Data – Planck’s Mathematical Guess
 Thus We Have Quantization of Energy: E = nhf
 Implications for What’s Occurring at Atomic Level.
 Birth of Quantum Mechanics!
Applications of Blackbody Radiation
 Gave people the
ability to calculate
temperatures of
distance cosmic
bodies

 Inspired new devices

such as thermal
vision and new types
of thermometers
 Acknowledgements/References
 Thornton, Stephen T., and Andrew F. Rex. "The Experimental Basis of Quantum
Physics."Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning,
2013. N. pag. Print.
 Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem
Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme and Licht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 109 (2):
275–301.Bibcode:1860AnP...185..275K. doi:10.1002/andp.18601850205. Translated by Guthrie,
F. as Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of
different bodies for light and heat". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4 20: 1–21.
 Planck, Max (1901). "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum".Annalen
der Physik 4: 553. Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P.doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310.
 Fowler, Michael. "Planck’s Route to the Black Body Radiation Formula and Quantization."
Lecture. 25 July 2008. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.
Q&A