LESSON 2.

Quantum Model of the Atoms

 Quantum Mechanical Model
or Wave Model
• Small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electron

clouds of probability.

•Electron cloud- the volume in which the electron is found 90% of

the time.

•Energy Level- the region around a nucleus where an electron is

likely to be moving
A Quantum of energy

A packet or energy or the amount

of energy required to move an
electron from its present energy
level to the next higher one.
Quantum Numbers

• Used to describe an electron’s behavior or

likely location

• There are four with variables: n, l, m, and s

 Principal Quantum Number (n)
• Corresponds to the energy levels 1 through n. However,
we will only deal with 1-7.

• Average distance from nucleus increases with increasing

principal quantum number, therefore n designates the size
of the electron cloud.

• Maximum # of electrons in each energy level is calculated

by 2n2 where n = the energy level (1-7).
Energy Sublevels (l)
• 2nd quantum number

•The number of sublevels equals the value of the

principal quantum number (n) for that level.

•Sublevels are named in the following order- s, p, d, f.

•The l number designates the shape of the electron

cloud.
s sublevel - spherical shape p Sublevel- dumbbell shaped
d Sublevel- clover-leaf shaped f Sublevel- irregularly
 Orbitals (m)
•3rd quantum number (m)

• The space occupied by a pair of electrons in a certain sublevel.

Sublevel: s – 1 orbital
P – 3 orbitals
d – 5 orbitals
f – 7 orbitals

• Each orbital can hold two electrons.

• m represents the orientation in space of the orbitals (x axis, y axis, z axis)

 Spin (s)

• 4th quantum number

• Distinguishes between the electrons in the same orbital.

• Describes the electrons spin as either clockwise or counter-clockwise

Lesson 2.2

ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION

Electron - It is the small

particle with a negative
charge that is found in all
atoms.
The electron distribution or known as electron configuration
of an element describes how electrons are distributed in its
atomic orbitals.

Electron configurations of atoms follow a standard notation in

which all electron-containing atomic subshells (with the
number of electrons they hold written in superscript) are
placed in a sequence.
 To calculate an electron configuration, divide the
periodic table into sections to represent the atomic
orbitals, the regions where electrons are contained.

Groups one and two are the s-block, three through

12 represent the d-block, 13 to 18 are the p-block
and the two rows at the bottom are the f-block.
 What is electron?
•It is the small particle with a negative charge that is found in all atoms.
•The electron distribution or known as electron configuration of an
element describes how electrons are distributed in its atomic orbitals.
Electron configurations of atoms follow a standard notation in which all
electron-containing atomic subshells (with the number of electrons they
hold written in superscript) are placed in a sequence.
Lesson 2.3
ARRANGEMENTS OF ELEMENTS
IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
The chemical elements are arranged from left
to right and top to bottom in order of
increasing atomic number, or the number of
protons in an atom's nucleus, which generally
coincides with increasing atomic mass.
 How is arrangement of the elements in the periodic table important?

An element can be identified as a metal, nonmetal, or

metalloid based on its placement on the Periodic Table.
The vertical columns in the Periodic Table are called
groups. The Periodic table can help easily determine the
valence electrons for many elements. Elements in the same
groups have similar properties.
 In the modern periodic table, the
elements are arranged according to their
atomic number - not their relative atomic
mass . In the periodic table the elements
are arranged into: rows, called periods , in
order of increasing atomic number. vertical
columns, called groups , where the
elements have similar properties.
 ( 7 Families of the Periodic Table)
Different groups are present in the periodic table:

• The Alkali Metals.

• The Alkaline Earth Metals.
• The Transition Metals.
• The Non-metals.
• The Halogens.
• The Noble Gases.
• The Rare Earth Elements.
Lesson 2.4

LEWIS DOT SYMBOLS

Lewis Symbols (also known as Lewis dot diagram or

electron dot diagrams) are Diagrams that represent the
valence electrons of an atoms within molecule.
• Principal energy levels: the different levels where electrons can be found
and that occur at specific distances from the atom’s nucleus.

• Valence level: the outmost principal energy level, which is the level furthest
away from the nucleus that still contains electrons.

• Valence electrons: the electrons of atoms that participate in the formation

of chemical bonds.

• Lewis symbol: Symbols of the elements with their number of valence

electrons represented as dots.