ELEMENTARY BOOK 2

Improve your
Reading
Listening
Writing
& Speaking

Prepared by: Hamid Jhwok

 Subject

 The subject acts as the ‘doer’ or agent of an action.

o The teacher told the class to sit down.

o Doesn’t he eat meat?
o Spring is like a breath of fresh air after a winter indoors.
o Ashraf is so good at sport.
o They don’t open the shop on Sundays.

Object
 The object of a sentence is the person or thing that receives the
action of the verb.
 There are two types of objects
 direct and indirect objects:
1. Direct object
 A direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?"
Examples
o Ashraf repaired his car.
o He invited Sharif to the party.

2. Indirect Object
 An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for
whom?", "for what?"...

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 Examples:
o She bought her daughter a car.
o You teach English to us.

Complement
 A complement is necessary in order to complete the
meaning of a sentence.
o They are intelligent.
o Sharif speaks slowly.
o She is in the class.

Cardinal numbers
 They are used to show exact number of something.
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15…
 One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, nine, ten,
eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen…
o I have three brothers.
o She has two pens.
o There are ten students in the class.
o Sheela reads twelve pages every night.
o He speaks two languages.
Ordinal numbers
 They are used to show exact orders of something.
 We can add “th” at the end of a cardinal number without
the first three because they are irregular.
  1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th,
13th, 14th, 15th…
 First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh,
eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth,
fourteenth, fifteenth…
o She wants to get the first position in the class.
o We live in the third floor of this building.
o He is in fifth class.
o Sheela is reading the fifteenth page of the book.
o They play the second round of free fight.

Exercise
 Change the following cardinal numbers to ordinal.
Cardinal numbers ordinal numbers
Three
Five
Eight
Ten
Fifteen
Seventeen
Thirty
Thirty five
Seventy
Hundred

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 Simple Present Tense
 It shows habitual or regular actions.
o Sharif goes to school every day. (Regular action)
o Sheela gets up early in the morning. (Habitual action)

 The spelling rules for the third person (he, she and it):
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in
the third person.

 Go – goes Ali goes to school.

 Catch – catches Rashid Arman catches the ball.
 Wash – washes Lima washes her clothes.
 Kiss – kisses Sonia kisses her child.
 Fix – fixes Sameer fixes a car.

2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -

IES.

 Marry – marries Sahil marries Sheela next week.

 Study – studies Hamid studies at university.
 Carry – carries Sharif carries the books.
 Worry – worries Ahmad’s mother worries about him.

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

 Play – plays Rashid Khan Plays cricket.

 Enjoy – enjoys Sheela enjoys Summer Holiday in Kabul.
 Say – says Karim says to me that he is a teacher.
 Structures

 Subjec+ verb +s,es,ies + object/complement+.

o Ahmad drives a car.
o Sharif and Ashraf fix an engine.

 Subject+ do/does +not+ verb +object/complement+.

o Ahmad does not drive a car.
o Sharif and Ashraf do not fixe an engine.

 Do/Does +subject + verb +object/complement+.

o Does Ahmad drive a car?
o Do Sharif and Ashraf fixe an engine?

Exercise
 Use the verbs in the brackets in the sentences below. The first
one has already done for you.

1. Sara loves shopping in Mubarak Center. (Love)

2. Sharif ____________ very busy. (Speak/speaks)

3. Sheela ____________early. (Get up)

4. I ____________fruit. (Like)

5. School always __________at eight o’clock in the morning. (Start)

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 Usages
1. To talk about habit of some one.
o She talks a lot.
o He smokes.
o They wake up early in the morning.

2. It’s used to show daily activities.

o Ahmad wakes up at 5:00.
o He eats breakfast at 6:30.
o He goes to school at 1:00.
o He plays football at 4:00.
o He sleeps at 9:00.

3. It is used to show nature of animals.

o The dog barks.
o Lions eat raw meat.
o The cat catches the mouse.

4. It shows universal fact.

o Allah is one.
o Sky is high.
o Milk is white.

Can

 It is a model auxiliary verb used to show:

1. ability

o Birds can fly.

o Elephants can't fly.
o I can speak two languages.

2. Possibility (in general)

o It can get cold there at night so take a jacket.

o I know you can win the competition.
 3. To offer to do something for others.

o You don't need to walk home. I can take you there if

you like.
o Can I carry your bags for you?

4. To ask for or give permission / to request something.

 Can is used to ask for / request permission or to give
permission.
Note: Can't is used to refuse permission.

o You can use my umbrella, I don't need it right

now.
o Can I sit on that chair please?
o Mary, you can play outside if you like.
o Can I ask you a question?
o You can't go to the park. It will still be wet from
the rain last night.
o We can't leave the room until the assignment is
completed.

Exercise
 Make sentences to show the sense of following words
written in the parenthesis.
o ---------------------------------------------------------(ability)
o -----------------------------------------------------------(possibility)
o ---------------------------------------------(to ask for permission)
o ------------------------------------------------(to give permission)
o -------------------------------------------------(to offer something)

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 Reflexive Pronouns
When the Subject and the Object in a sentence refer to the same
person or thing we use a Reflexive Pronoun.

Subject Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns

I Myself

He Himself

She Herself

It Itself

We Ourselves

You Yourself/ yourselves

They Themselves

Practice

o I taught myself to play the guitar.

o My cat always licks itself.
o He accidentally cut himself while he was chopping the
vegetables.
o She bought a present for herself.
o We helped ourselves to the free drinks at the launch party.
o They injured themselves during the rugby match.
o The dog is scratching itself – it must have fleas!
 Exercise
 Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns.
o Ashraf is looking at ----------- in the mirror.
o I introduced ----------- to my classmates.
o We can lift the chair -----------.
o You have to do your homework-----------.
o They can do it -----------.

Yes/No Questions
 They are answered with yes or no.
o Do you like pizza?
o Is Ali a doctor?
o Did Sonia call you?
o Does she cook rice?
o Can she read and write?
Yes, I do /no I don’t
Yes, he is/ no he isn’t
Yes, she did/ no she didn’t
Yes, she does/no she doesn’t
Yes, she can/ no she can’t

Practice
 Ask questions and answer with yes or no.
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 Some/ Any
Statement Negative Question
Plural nouns Plural nouns Plural nouns

I have some cookies. I don’t have any Do you have some

cookies. cookies?

Uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns

I need some water. I don’t need any Do you need any

water. water?

Exercise

 Use ‘some’ or ‘any’ in the sentence below.

o I don’t need ______ money because I eat lunch at home.

o He doesn’t have ______ pens, but I have four.
o I want to buy ______ new clothes.
o I don’t have ______ wheat, but Sharif has ______.
o I bought______ milk and ______ sugar at the supermarket.
o Do you have ______ coins for the bus?
o Khalid read ______ interesting books last month.
o They have ______ apples, but they don’t have ______ banana.
 Present Continuous Tense
 It shows an action that is happening right now.

 The Rules of Present Continuous Tense

1. Verbs are ended with ‘e’ we omit e and add ‘ing’.

Write ------ writing Ali is writing a letter.

Make ------- making Ali is making a cake.
Take--------- taking I am taking a stain from my
clothes.

2. Verbs are ended with a vowel and consonant we double the

consonant and add in.
Swim------- swimming I am swimming in the pool.
Run--------- running I am running on the road.

3. Words end with w, x and y, do not double the last consonant.

Enjoy------- enjoying Ali is enjoying cricket match.
Study ------- studying Khalid is studying English.

Structures
1. Subject+ to be verb + Verb-ing+ object/complement+.

o I am writing a letter.
o He is speaking English.
o Lima and Sara are making a cake.
2. Subject+ to be verb+ not + Verb-ing+ object/complement+.

o I am writing a letter.
o He is speaking English.
o Lima and Sara are making a cake.

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3. To be verb + subject+ + Verb-ing+ object/complement+?

o Am I writing a letter?
o Is He speaking English?
o Are Lima and Sara making a cake?

Exercise 1
 Change the sentences below into negative.

1. Sonia is listening to the radio.

2. Sharif and Ashraf are working in garden.
3. Naseer is driving a car.
4. Sheela is cooking Palaw.

Exercise 2
 Change the sentences below into question.
1. Sonia is listening to the radio.
2. Sameer and Shabir are working in garden.
3. Naseer is driving a car in UNICEF.
4. Sheela is cooking Palaw.

Usages:
1. It is used to show anger, fury, and irritation over
repeated action of some one.
Structure

Subject + is, am, are, + always + verb + ing + object/ complement +.

o She is always coming late.

o He is always disturbing my class.

2. It is used to show emphasis over location rather an

action.
Structure

Subject + is, am, are, + location + verb + ing + object/ complement

+.

o They are at school studying English.

o He is in the park playing football.

3. It is used to talk about the changes which are happing

naturally.
Structure:

Subject + is, am, are, + getting/becoming + object/ complement +.

o He is getting smart.
o The weather is becoming hot.
o She is getting lazy.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

 Nouns can be divided into two parts:
1. Countable nouns
2. Uncountable nouns

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1. Countable Nouns
 Countable nouns are nouns that we can count. They can be
singular or plural.

Practice
o I have a boiled egg for breakfast.
o I bought three story books yesterday.
o The students in this school are very polite.

 We use the indefinite article (a/ an) before singular nouns.

Example: a boiled egg.

 We use a definite article (the) or a number before plural

nouns.
o the students
o Three story books
 We change most singular nouns to plural by adding –s.
However, there are some that follow different rules.

Nouns Add Examples

Nouns ending in -s, - ＋es buses, boxes, dresses,
x, -ss, -ch, -sh watches, bushes
Nouns ending in -o ＋s or ＋es pianos, zoos, tomatoes,
potatoes, heroes
Nouns ending in a ＋s boys, cats, days,
vowel ＋ -y monkeys,
Nouns ending in a change y to ies bodies, cities, countries,
consonant ＋ -y ladies, families
Nouns ending in -f/- change -f/-fe to - leaves, shelves, lives,
fe ves knives
Some special nouns change the footfeet, manmen
vowel(s), mousemice
change some
letters at the end,
childchildren
add letters at the
end
Some animals Make no change fishfish, deerdeer,
sheepsheep

2. Uncountable Nouns
 Uncountable nouns are nouns that we cannot count. We
cannot count them because they are too difficult to count.

Examples
o rice, hair, sugar
 Do not have separate parts.
o air, water, steam
 Are abstract.

Examples
o friendship, happiness, health
 Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form. We do not use
an indefinite article (a/an) or numerals (one, two, three, etc.)
in front of these nouns.

 If we want to show the amount of an uncountable noun, we use

quantity words in front of it.

Example
o two cups of tea

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 o A bowl of rice
o Three tins of paint

Adverbs of Frequency

 Adverbs of frequency tell us how often somebody is, feels or

does something.

Adverbs (Relative frequencies)

Always (100%)
Almost always (99%)
Usually (80%)
Often (60%)
Sometimes (40%)
Occasionally (30%)
Seldom (rarely) (20%)
Almost never (1%)
Never (0%)

 In general, adverbs of frequency come before most verbs, but

after auxiliary verbs.

Practice 1
 Normal verbs

o He usually takes his son to the park on Sundays.

o I sometimes eat lunch at 12:00.
o She never comes on time.
o We almost never play cricket on Saturdays.
o Sheela always write her homework.
 Practice 2
 Auxiliary verbs

o He is usually at the park with his son.

o I was sometimes angry with my sister when I was young.
o She will never be on time.
o We have almost always seen her on the weekends.
o Sharif can sometimes help you.

Exercise
 Put one of these adverbs into the sentences beneath.
(Always, Almost always, Usually, Often, Sometimes,
Occasionally, Seldom (rarely) Almost never, Never)
o Sharif will be here.
o Do you go to Italy for your holidays?
o Ashraf forgot his poor childhood.
o I’ve seen that film.
o I will remember you.
o Lions attack people first.
o The prince had dinner with his wife.
o Afghanistan will be united.
o Have you tried to swim across the channel?
o She speaks loudly.

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 Degrees of an adjective
 An adjective has three degrees.

Positive comparative superlative

Big bigger biggest

Happy happier happiest

Large larger largest

Short Shorter Shortest

Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful

Intelligent More intelligent Most intelligent

Comparative Degree of an adjective

 We compare two people, places or things.

Practice
o A bus is bigger than a car.
o She is cleverer than her brother.
o You are taller than me.
o Sameer is more handsome than Mansoor.
o Sharif is more intelligent than Ashraf.
 Superlative Degree of an adjective
 We compare one person, place or thing with a group.

Practice
o Sheela is the tallest girl among these girls.
o Naveed is the most intelligent student in the class.
o Kunner River is the deepest river in Afghanistan.
o Rashid Khan is the most brilliant bowler of his team.
o I did not answer the easiest question.

Exercise
 use er, est, more and most for the adjectives below.
o Sara is ---------- talkative than Moska.
o Sameer is a rich------ man among these men.
o Sohail is --------- intelligent boy among these boys.
o Ahmad’s voice is loud---- than Mohmood’s voice.
o A train is the fast------- vehicle.

Homework
 Dear students practice the degrees of adjectives at your
homes and write five examples in the spaces below.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Past indefinite tense
 It shows an action which started and finished at an exact
time in the past.
Positive structure

 Subject + v2 + object/ complement +.

o She wrote her homework.

Negative structure:

 Subject + did + not + v1 +object/ complement +.

o She did not write her homework.

Interrogative structure

 Did + subject + v1 + object/ complement +?

o Did she write her homework?

Usages
1. It shows an action which was someone’s habit in the past and it is
not remind now.
o He smoked a lot, when he was 15.
o She talked a lot when her mother was alive.
o He listened to the radio.

2. It shows an action which started and ended in the past and we do

not have any person for that.
o I lost my pen.
o He paid the bill.
o They rejected the invitation.
 Information questions/ WH words
 We use the “wh-” question words to form questions when
we want to get information about someone or something.
 When(about time or period)
o When did you get married?
o I got married in 2005.
o When did Afghanistan get independence?
o Afghanistan got independence in 1919.
 Where (about a place or location)
o Where do you live?
o I live in Kabul.
o Where was Sonia yesterday?
o She went to the library yesterday.
 Why (about the reasons of something)
o Why do you study English?
o I study English because it is an international language.
o Why was Sahar absent yesterday?
o Because she was sick.
 Who (about the identity of a person / a group of people)
o Who wrote this letter?
o Sheela wrote this letter.
o Who is your school principal?
o My school principal is Mr. Ashraf.

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  Whose (about the possession of something)
o This class is very noisy. Whose class is it?
o It is Mr. Shaheen’s class.
o Whose school bag is this?
o It is my school bag.
 What (to ask for information about different things)
o What do you propose to these two players?
o They should participate in the next match.
o What will your brother do after graduation?
o He will become a doctor.
 Which (to ask about choice)
o Which book do you want to borrow?
o I want to borrow the blue one. It is more interesting.
o Which subject of your school do you like?
o I like Mathematics. It is interesting.
Exercise
 Choose the correct WH word for the following blanks
1:-----------------do you live in Kabul city? (Which, where, when)

2:-----------------color do you like? (Which, who, when)

3:-----------------pencil is this? (Where, whose, who)

4:-----------------does she drive the car? (How, which, what)

5:-----------------can you meet today? (Whose, where, whom)

 How much/ How many

1. How much

 Is used with uncountable nouns.

 How Much + Uncountable Noun

Practice
o How much time do we have to finish the test?
o How much money did you spend?
o How much sugar would you like in your coffee?
o How much paper will I need?
o How much milk is in the fridge?
o How much traffic was there on the way to work?
2. How many
 It is used when we want to know the quantity of something.
 It is only used with plural countable nouns.
 How Many + Plural Noun

Practice
o How many days are there in January?
o How many people work in your company?
o How many cousins do you have?
o How many books did you buy?
o How many countries are there in the world?
o How many students are in the class right now?

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 Much and Many

 Both much and many are used to express that there is a large
quantity of something.

 Many + countable nouns

 Much + uncountable nouns.

Practice
o I don't have many books in my bag. (Countable noun)
o They don't have much money to buy a present. (Uncountable
noun)
o How many brothers do you have? (Countable noun)
o Is there much milk in the fridge? (Uncountable noun)
Exercise

 Put much or many into these sentences

o There aren't .................apples in the fruit bowl.
o We haven't got .................rice left.
o How .................homework have you got this week?
o How .................did you pay for that video?
o How .................times have I told you not to do that?
o Did you find .................information for your project in the
library?
 Have to/ has to

 They are used to show obligation.

Practice
o I have to sweep my room.
o He has to get up early in the morning.
o She has to type these letters.
o They have to respect elders.
o Sheela has to leave the office later today.

Exercise

 Put have to or has to into these sentences

o She.................clean the room.
o We.................study our lessons.
o Ali and Wali.................help each other.
o They.................stay at home today.
o Sheela.................write her homework.

Future indefinite tense

 It shows an action which will happen at a particular time
in future.
Positive structure

 Subject + will/shall + verb1 + object/ complement +.

o She will come to this class at 3:00.
o We shall help them next spring.

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Negative structure
 Subject + will + not (won’t) + verb1 +object/ complement +.

o She won’t come to this class at 3:00.

o We shan’t help them next spring.

Interrogative structure

 Will/shall + subject + verb1 + object/ complement +?

o Will she come to this class?

o Shall we come to this class?

Usages

1. It is used for unplanned actions which will happen in future and we

are planning it at the time of speaking.

o I will go to their class as well. (planning now)

o Shall I bring a glass of water for you?

2. With the help of future indefinite tense we can predict about future
according present signs.

o It will rain. (the weather is cloudy now)

o He will pass the test. (he is intelligent)
ELEMENTARY BOOK 2

Improve your
Reading
Listening
Writing
& Speaking

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