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HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR SILTY SOIL ADDED WITH PLASTIC WASTES

Conference Paper · November 2016

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Two day International Conference on Emerging Trends in Civil Engineering ICETCE-16

HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR SILTY SOIL ADDED WITH

PLASTIC WASTES

Rohit Maurya,1 Umesh Kumar,2 M. K. Gupta3

1
M.Tech student, KNIT, Sultanpur, U.P., India
Email: rohitmaurya12ce@gmail.com
2
Assoc. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur, U.P, India.
Email: umaheshwari@hotmail.com
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KNIT, Sultanpur, U.P, India.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

The stability of structures depends on the
shear strength of underlying soil, the shear
strength of soil is influenced by the
movement of water within its matrix, Based
on the experimental work illustrated in the
present paper focus of work is to see the
change in hydraulic conductivity of a clayey
soil, due to the addition of solid plastic
waste i.e. high density polyethylene (HDPE)
and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) size
0.5cm x 0.5cm in six different proportion in
the range of 0 to 15% (by weight) in silty
sand. (CL-ML soil in present case).The
experimental work is performed for soil as
well as soil mixed with plastic waste to
determine the various properties of soil
considered. The study shows that reduction
in specific gravity is more with addition of
HDPE compared with PET addition. Further
in case of PET, hydraulic conductivity
increases with increase in % addition of
PET in soil, while in case of HDPE, the
tread observed is quite different within the
experimental range tested.
Keywords: Hydraulic conductivity, High
density polyethylene (HDPE), Polyethylene
terephthalate (PET), Permeability, Natural
soil.
The inappropriate design and environmental
unfavorable condition to causes various
types of failures such as settlement, erosion
seepage, slope, structural etc. of a structure.
The seepage problem in various structure
such as foundation, embankment etc. make
the hydraulic conductivity of a soil as one of
the major parameter to study among various
others. Nowadays, the plastic waste has been
scattered and overlying on the ground
surface which changes the permeability of
the natural soil. This may possibly cause
recharging of ground water altered. This
solid plastic waste is non-biodegradable in
nature. Therefore in this study, an attempt
has been made to see the effect of added
solid plastic waste (HDPE and PET) on
natural soil in terms of change in specific
gravity and altered permeability.
LITERATURE REVIEW
There exists a large amount of research to
see the effect of additives on the nature of
natural soil used for various purposes, but a
limited studies (Ref 1-10) have been quoted
for the problem mentioned. Some of them
are discussed as further.
Gray and Ohashi (1983) based on direct
shear tests on dry sand reinforced with
Two day International Conference on Emerging Trends in Civil Engineering ICETCE-16

various synthetic, natural and metallic fibres MDD 1.75g/cc

reasoned that change in shear is directly Permeability 1.26x10-5 m/s
proportional to the fibre proportion. Manjari,
Classification of CL-ML
et al. (2011), concluded that the permeability soil
reduces with an increase in the percentage of
plastic waste, based on experimental work
on plastic waste mixed sand. Poweth, M J, et (ii) Properties of plastic waste used
al. (2014),based on experimental study for
Table-2 shows the Typical Physical and
addition of plastic granules on soil
chemical properties of HDPE and PET used
concluded that CBR value decreases when
in present study.
0.5% of plastic is added and then increases
upto 0.75% of plastic added. Table-2: Typical Physical and chemical
properties of HDPE and PET used as plastic
wastes
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED:
To accomplish the present study, the site Physical Properties HDPE PET
collected from site is further modified by Tensile Strength 2.5 N/mm² 0.20 - 0.40
mixing HDPE and PET in different N/mm²
proportions obtained from the market. The Notched Impact Strength 1.5 - 3.5 Kj/m² no break
properties of these are discussed below.
Thermal Co-eff. of 70 x 106 (100 – 220)
expansion x 106

Max Cont. Use Temp 70⁰ C 65⁰ C

(i) Properties of soil used 3
Density 1.37 g/cm 0.944 - 0.965
g/cm3
The soil used in present work was collected
from Lambua, Sultanpur. The soil was then Chemical Properties
tested in lab by the standard methods Dilute Acid Good Good
prescribed by IS codes. The properties of
Dilute Alkalis Moderate Good
soil used are shown in the table -1
Oils and Greases Good Moderate
Soil Properties Value obtained
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Good Poor
Specific gravity 2.75 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Moderate Poor

Liquid Limit 26%

Plastic Limit 20%

EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND
Gravel 1.68% ANALYSIS
Sand 8.56% To understand the change in hydraulic
Silt 57.86% conductivity of soil, when it is mixed with
HDPE and PET randomly in soil in different
Clay 32.38%
proportion, i.e. (0 to 15%). The permeability
OMC 17.55 % tests have been done using falling head
permeameter as per the method described in
Two day International Conference on Emerging Trends in Civil Engineering ICETCE-16

IS code; for both HPDE and PET. Together

with this, specific gravity of modified
samples have also been measured. The
proportions mixed are 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2
and 1.5% (by weight) in the soil for both
HDPE and PET. The experimental data
collected is discussed and analyzed in the
coming sections.
(1) Specific Gravity
The specific gravity is measured as shown in
Figure-1 and Figure-2 for soil mixed with
HDPE and PET respectively. Figure-1shows
that specific gravity is continuously
decreasing with increasing in HDPE (2) Hydraulic Conductivity
proportion in the soil. Also from Figure-2 it
In the present study, two plastic materials,
is evident that addition of PET shows a
viz HDPE and PET obtained and are
reduction in specific gravity with increase in
proportion of PET plastic waste. further cut into the size of 5mm x 5mm.
The size was chosen based on the previous
Figure-1: Specific gravity for Soil-HDPE studies done. The properties of these two
mixture selected materials are shown in Table-2

Figure-3: Hydraulic Conductivity of soil

added with HDPE

Figure-2: Specific gravity for Soil-PET

mixture
Two day International Conference on Emerging Trends in Civil Engineering ICETCE-16
Figure-4: Hydraulic Conductivity of soil
added with PET
The change in hydraulic conductivity due to
addition of the solid plastic wastes HDPE
and PET in different proportions in soil, is
shown in Figure-3 & 4 respectively. Figure-
3 shows the variation in hydraulic
conductivity, when mixed with HDPE, it
first exhibits increase in hydraulic
conductivity with additive upto 0.5% and
then decreases till 1.0% and further
increases with increase in percent additive
till 1.5% i.e upto the higher range of HDPE
added. Therefore, in general, the hydraulic
conductivity is first shows increasing trend
and then an increasing trend above 1%
compared to the soil used.
Figure 4 shows the variation in hydraulic
conductivity of soil when mixed with PET,
first exhibits reduction in hydraulic
conductivity with additive upto 0.5% and
then increases with increase in percent
additive till 1.5% i.e upto the higher range
of PET added. Therefore, in general the
hydraulic conductivity first decreases upto
0.5% and then it increases continuously in
exponential way upto 1.5% added PET as
compared to the soil used. It may also be
concluded that near about 1.0% additive of
either HDPE or PET, the hydraulic
conductivity is nearly the same.
CONCLUSIONS
The following major conclusions may be
drown from the present experimental work
study.
(1) The specific gravity, for the
soil(CL-ML) used and added with
either HDPE or PET is decreasing
with increase in the percentage of
additive mixed compared with
natural soil samples for the range
studied i. e. from 0 to 1.5%. Further,
the addition of HDPE causes more
reduction in specific gravity as
compared to the PET waste.
(2) In case of HDPE, added to the soil,
the hydraulic conductivity first
increases till 0.5%, then decreases
upto 1% and further increases till
1.5%.
(3) In case of PET, added to the soil, the
hydraulic conductivity reduction is
seen only till 0.5% and afterwards it
shows an increasing trend till 1.5%.
(4) The hydraulic conductivity is nearly
the same at about 1% additive of
either HDPE or PET in the soil.
REFERENCES
1) Gray, D.H., and Ohashi, H. (1983). “Mechanics
of fibre reinforcing in sand.” Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 112(8), pp.
335-353.
2) K. Manjari, K.Anoosha, Kumar P., Chouksey
S.K., .Sivakumar G.L.B., “Compressibility and
Permeability Behaviour of Plastic Waste Mixed
Sand”. Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical
Two day International Conference on Emerging Trends in Civil Engineering ICETCE-16

Conference December 15-17, 2011, Kochi, Paper

No. L-074

3) Poweth, M.J., Haneef, F.M., Jacab

M.T.,Krishnan, R., Rajan, S., “Effect of plastic
granulars on the properties of soil”. Int. Journal
of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol.
4, Issue 4(Version 1), April 2014, pp.160-164.

4) Gosavi, M., Patil, K.A., Mittal, S. and Saran, S.,

(2004). "Improvements of properties of black
cotton soil subgrade through synthetic
reinforcement." Joumal of Institution of
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5) Maher, M.H. and Gray, D.H.,(1990), "Static

response of sands reinforced with randomly
distributed fibres.” Joumal of Geotechnical
Engineering, ASCE. 716 (11), pp.1661-1677.

6) Consoli, N.C., Montardo, J.P., Prietto, P.D.M.,

and Pasa, G.S., (2002), "Engineering behavior of
sand reinforced with plastic waste." J. Geotech &
Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 128(6), pp.462-472.

7) Gray, D.H., and Al-Refeai, T., (1986),

“Behaviour of fabric versus fibre reinforcd
sand.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
ASCE, 112(8), pp. 804-820.

8) Ranjan, G., Vasan, R.M. and Charan, H.D.

(1996), "Probabilistic analysis of randomly
distributed fibre-reinforced soil.” Joumal of
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419-426.

9) Patidar, Mahiyar H.K.,(2014), “An Experimental

Study on Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil
Using HDPE Wastage Fibres, Stone Dust &
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10) Sinha S. ,(2016), “Effect of addition of plastic

waste on hydraulic conductivity of soil”
Dissertation submitted ,CED, Kamla Nehru
Institute of Technology; Sultanpur (U.P.).

11) Gopal Ranjan, A S R Rao,“Basic and Applied

Soil Mechanics” . (Revised second edition) New
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E.a
 Two day International Conference on Emerging Trends in Civil Engineering ICETCE-16

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