Reinforcing Some Kuwaiti Soils with Shredded
THE High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Bits
GEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY
OF AMERICA'"
ZIAD ABDELSALAM*
Center o f Engineering Laboratories for Testing and Calibration, College o f Engineering
and Petroleum, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060 Kuwait
NOURAH ALMASHAN
NABIL ISMAEL
Civil Engineering Department, Kuwait University, P. 0. Box 5969, Safat 13060 Kuwait
Key Terms: Surface Sands, High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE) Bits, Shear Strength, Compressibility, Recy­
cled Materials
ABSTRACT
Large amounts of shredded high-density polyethylene
(H DPE) plastic bits are generated in Kuwait as a by­
product of the production of plastic pipes. To find ben­
eficial uses for this waste material, an extensive labo­
ratory testing program was carried out on two local sur­
face sands of Kuwait amended with shredded H DPE bits
in amounts varying from 0 percent to 15 percent (by
weight). Laboratory tests included sieve analysis, modi­
fied proctor compaction, direct shear, consolidation, and
permeability tests. The testing measured the effect of in­
creased H D PE content on the different soil properties.
The results indicate a reduction of the maximum den­
sity of about 20 percent and a substantial increase in the
permeability and compressibility. The strength param­
eters, namely the cohesion, C, and the angle of inter­
nal friction, <f>, increased with increasing H D PE content.
Therefore, the use of H DPE plastic bits as an additive to
the local soils in Kuwait is beneficial for many practical
applications, such as lightweight fill, embankment con­
struction, and as a drainage layer in the construction of
landfills.
INTRODUCTION
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is widely used
in the production of plastic pipes. The HDPE is con­
sidered a recycled material, one that is chemical and
corrosion resistant and environmentally friendly. Or­
man (1994) reported that HDPE is resistant to many
organic substances, unaffected by soil-borne bacteria
and fungi, and possesses superior chemical and abra­
*Corresponding author email: Ziad06@outlook.com
Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. X X V . No. 3, A ugust 2019, pp. 213-221
sion tolerance. Large amounts of HDPE bits shred­
ded from damaged, scrap, or faulty double-wall cor­
rugated pipes require reuse or recycling in the State of
Kuwait. One possible use of this material to consider is
as an additive (in small quantities) to the local surface
sands of Kuwait (soils obtained from test pits of 0.5-
to 3-m depth). The amended soil may then be used as
an engineering construction material. As such, it can
help protect the environment and conserve resources
(Hejazi et al., 2012).
Recent studies focused on the reuse of waste HDPE
bits with soil or soil-cement fly ash to increase the sta­
bility of the subgrade for road construction (Sobhan
and Mashnad, 2002, 2003) and its durability (Bueno
et al., 1997). Meera and Hashifa (2015) and Patidar
and Mahiyar (2014) investigated the effect of HDPE
fibers on the shear strength of black cotton soils.
They noted that the angle of internal friction, c|>, in­
creased with increasing HDPE fiber content. Nsaif
(2013) studied the influence of the HDPE fibers mixed
with two different soils, sandy and clayey soils, at
fiber percentages of 2, 4, 6, and 8 percent by weight.
Compaction and direct shear testing indicated that the
maximum dry density decreased and the angle of in­
ternal friction increased with no change in the co­
hesion, C. Similar findings were observed by Fauzi
et al. (2016) from tests on a clayey soil, except that
the cohesion value decreased with increasing HDPE
bits.
To explore the possible uses of shredded HDPE bits
in Kuwait, an extensive laboratory testing program
was carried out using two local soils, namely silty sand
and clayey sand, and shredded HDPE bits as an addi­
tive in the amount of 0 to 15 percent by weight. Test­
ing included basic properties, compaction, direct shear,
consolidation, and permeability. Based on test results,
several practical applications are recommended. These
include earth fill, embankment construction, road sub­
grade construction, and use of the bits as a drainage
layer.
213
 Abdelsalam, Almashan, and Ismael

BASIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL SAMPLES
AND SH R ED D ED HDPE BITS
The soil samples used are two common Kuwaiti
soils, namely a silty sand and a clayey sand. The grain
size distribution. Atterberg limits, specific gravity, and
compaction characteristics were assessed in this study
to measure the basic soil properties. Figure 1 shows
the grain size distribution curves of the soil samples
used in this study. The test was conducted according
to ASTM D422 (ASTM. 2007). The soil was classi­
fied according to the Unified Soil Classification Sys­
tem (USCS), as recommended by the ASTM D2487
(ASTM. 2017). The Atterberg limits and specific grav­
ity of the soils were tested according to ASTM D4318
(ASTM, 2010) and ASTM C128 (ASTM, 2015), re­
spectively. The modified proctor test was used in this
study to determine the compaction characteristic of
soil according to ASTM D1557(ASTM, 2012). Table 1
describes the basic properties of soils.
The shredded HDPE plastic bits were used in this
study as additives. The amounts of HDPE plastic bits
employed in the test were 0, 5. 10. and 15 percent, by
weight. The shredded bits used passed sieve No. 4, with
an opening size of 4.75 mm. Table 2 summarizes the
raw material properties of the shredded HDPE plastic
bits, including the following: density, tensile and elon­
gation properties, flexural modulus, modulus of elas­
ticity, carbon black content, melt flow index, shore
hardness D, co-efficient of linear thermal expansion,
Vicat softening point, and oxidation induction time
(OIT). These data were obtained from Abdelsalam
(2015).
SAMPLE PREPARATION
Samples for direct shear, consolidation, and perme­
ability tests were prepared in four layers by tamping
to reach the required density. The size of the sam­
ples was determined by the size of the mold of the
standard laboratory test equipment used. All sam­
ples were compacted to the maximum dry density
and optimum moisture content. The soil samples were

Table 1. Basic properties o f soils.

Atterberg Limits (%) Grain Size Distribution (%) Compaction Characteristics

Soil Type Specific Gravity. Gs Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Plasticity Index Gravel Sand Silt and Clay » o p t. (%) Pdm ax (kg/m3)
Silty sand 2.65 Non-plastic 0 89.2 10.8 8.50 2.030
Clayey sand 2.67 27 20 7 0 70.7 29.3 10.1 2,060

214 Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXV, No. 3, August 2019, pp. 213-221
 Shredded High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

Table 2. Raw material properties o f the shredded HDPE plastic bits cent, the purpose being to examine the effect of HDPE
(Abdelsalam, 2015).
additive on the strength parameters C and 4>, where C
Test Name Results is the cohesion and 4> the angle of shearing resistance.
The tests were conducted according to ASTM D3080
Density @ 23°C 947.32 kg/m3 (ASTM, 2011). The specimens were remolded to the
Tensile strength at yield 23.85 MPa
Ultimate elongation at break 730.0% maximum dry density (2,030 kg/m 3 for silty sand and
Flexural modulus 879.97 MPa 2,060 kg/m 3 for clayey sand) and optimum water con­
Melt Flow Index @ 190°C 5 kgf 0.389 g/10 min tent (8.5 percent and 10.1 percent for silty and clayey
Modulus of elasticity @ 25°C 810 MPa sand, respectively).
Modulus of elasticity @ 40°C 680 MPa The specimens were directly remolded into the di­
Carbon black content 2.09%
Shore hardness D 63.80
rect shear box with a diameter of 63 mm and a height
Co-efficient of linear thermal expansion 0.180% of 20.6 mm in four layers. Each compacted layer was
Vicat softening point 128.5°C scratched by knife at the top to ensure the homogene­
Oxidation induction time @ 200°C 50 min ity of the specimen. The specimens were assembled to
the direct shear test apparatus, and three different nor­
mal stresses (31.5, 62, and 125 kPa) were applied under
a shearing rate of 0.35 mm/min. The ELE DS7 soft­
mixed with the HDPE bits at a percentage of 0. 5, ware was attached with the apparatus to establish the
10, and 15 percent by soil weight. Each mixture per­ Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope. The shear strength
centage was repeated in triplicate to increase test result parameters were obtained from the failure envelope
accuracy. curve. The slope of the envelope curve is referred to
as the internal of angle friction, and the intersection of
PROGRAM OF LABORATORY TESTING curve and shear stress axis is considered to represent
cohesion.
The mixture samples were tested in this study to
determine the compaction, shear strength, and com­
pressibility parameters. The direct shear test was con­ One-Dimensional Consolidation Test
ducted to measure the shear strength parameters of
mixtures, such as the internal angle of friction and The one-dimensional consolidation test was carried
cohesion. The one-dimensional consolidation test was out on samples with HDPE contents of 0, 5, 10, and
used to determine the compression and swelling in­ 15 percent. The samples were compacted to maximum
dices of mixtures. dry density and optimum moisture content. The com­
pression index (Cc) and swelling index (Cs) were deter­
Compaction Test mined form one-dimensional consolidation test using
an odometer apparatus. The tests were carried out ac­
The compaction characteristics, such as maximum cording to ASTM D2435 (ASTM, 2011).
dry density (Pdm) and optimum moisture content (w) The specimens were remolded into the consolida­
of the mixture specimens, were measured according to tion cell at maximum dry density (2,030 kg/m 3 for
ASTM D1557 (ASTM, 2012) on samples measuring silty sand and 2,060 kg/m 3 for clayey sand) and op­
101.6 mm in diameter and 116.4 mm in height. The timum water content (8.5 percent and 10.1 percent for
mixture specimens were compacted into five equal lay­ silty and clayey sand, respectively). The dimension of
ers using a 2.5-kg hammer dropped from a 305-mm consolidation cell is 75 mm in dimeter and 18 mm in
height at a rate of 25 blows per layer. Each top com­ height. The specimens were compacted into four lay­
pacted layer was scratched by knife to prevent the sep­ ers, ensuring the homogeneity of specimen layers by
aration of layers. Each mixture was repeated four times scratching the top of each compacted layer. The con­
with a variation in moisture content to generate the solidation cell was assembled in the odometer appa­
dry density against moisture content curve. The com­ ratus. Five vertical pressure increments were applied
paction properties for each mixture then were obtained (i.e., 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kPa) at the loading
from the plotted curve. stage. The unloading stage was perfumed after the end
of maximum load pressure was achieved. The square
Direct Shear Test root time method was considered in the analysis, fol­
lowing ASTM D2435 clause 12.3.2 (Procedure). The
Direct shear tests were performed on samples com­ attached software ELE DS7 was used to calculate the
pacted to maximum density and optimum moisture compression and swelling indices from the odometer
content with HDPE contents of 0, 5, 10, and 15 per­ apparatus.

Environmental & Engineering Geoscience. Vol. XXV, No. 3, August 2019, pp. 213-221 215
 Abdelsalam, Almashan, and Ismael

Table 3. Soil classification.

Atterberg Limits

Soil Passing No. 200 Sieve (%) Dfto Djo Djo Cu Co Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Plasticity Index Soil Classification

Silty sand 10.89 0.4 0.21 0.075 5.3 1.3 Non-plastic SP-SM
Clayey sand 26.27 28 19 9 SC

“The diameter corresponding to 60%, 30% and 10% finer in the particle-size distribution.

Falling Head Permeability Test
Falling head permeability tests were conducted on
samples prepared at maximum dry density and opti­
mum moisture content. The samples were 100 mm in
diameter and 130 mm in height.
RESULTS
The silty sand and the clayey sand employed in the
testing program were classified as poorly graded silty
sand (SP-SM) and Clayey Sand (SC), respectively,
according to the USCS. Table 3 shows the calculation
of the coefficient of uniformity, Cu, and coefficient
of curvature, Cc, values, which were used for soil
classification. The curve for the HDPE bits is also su­
perimposed on Figure 1, and the material is classified
as SP or poorly graded sand according to the USCS.
Note that both soils and HDPE bits have no gravel
size particles.
Compaction Test
The maximum dry density and optimum water con­
tent for the mixtures of shredded HDPE bits with
silty sand and clayey sand are shown in Figures 2
and 3, respectively. As the percent of HDPE bit con­
tent increased in the mixture, the maximum dry den­
sity decreased, with minimal effect on the optimum
moisture content. With 15 percent HDPE additive, the
maximum dry density decreased from 2,020 kg/m 3 to
1,610 kg/m 3 and from 2,060 kg/m 3 to 1,590 kg/m 3
for the silty sand and clayey sand specimens, re­
spectively. The measurements indicate a significantly
lighter weight material with the addition of HDPE
plastic bits. This is to be expected, since the density
of the shredded HDPE bits is less than half the maxi­
mum dry density of silty sand and clayey sand. Table 4
summarizes the compaction properties of HDPE bits
mixed with silty and clayey sand.
Direct Shear Test
Direct shear tests were performed on samples com­
pacted to maximum density and optimum moisture
content with HDPE content of 0, 5, 10, and 15
percent, the purpose being to examine the effect of
HDPE additive on the strength parameters C and 4>.

2200

2050
CO

jE
ao
“ 1900
1/1
C
O)

9c . 1750
Q

i 1600

1450
0 5 10 15
H D P E (%)

Figure 2. Maximum dry density for the silty sand and clayey sand mixed with various percentages of shredded HDPE bits.

216 Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXV, No. 3, August 2019. pp. 213-221
 Shredded High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

Figure 3. Optimum moisture content for the silty sand and clayey sand mixed with various percentages of shredded HDPE bits.

Figure 4 shows the peak shear stress of the silty sand
and clayey sand mixed with various percentages of
shredded HDPE bits under normal stress of 31.5, 63,
and 125.9 kPa. The peak stress of the silty sand and
clayey sand mixed with various percentages of shred­
ded HDPE bits increased with the HDPE bit con­
tent. This can be attributed to the HDPE bits lead­
ing to a reduction of sliding between particles and
an increase in angle of internal friction. Table 5 sum­
marizes the shear strength and consolidation test re­
sults for silty and clayey sand mixed with shredded
HDPE bits. As shown, the shear strength parameters
C and cj) increased substantially with the addition of
HDPE bits up to 10 percent. However, with a further
increase to 15 percent HDPE content, no increase in
4* for the clayey sand was seen, but a slight decrease
for the silty sand was measured. The corresponding
values of C further increased for the silty sand and
slightly decreased for the clayey sand. Figures 5 and
6 show the failure envelopes for the silty sand and the
clayey sand soils with HDPE additives of 0, 5, 10. and
15 percent.
One-Dimensional Consolidation Test
Consolidation tests were carried out on samples
with HDPE content of 0, 5, 10, and 15 percent. The
samples were compacted to maximum dry density
and optimum moisture content. The compression and
swelling indices amended with various percentages of
shredded HDPE bits are shown in Figures 7 and 8
for the silty sand and the clayey sand, respectively.
Table 5 summarizes the compression index and
swelling index results for silty and clayey sand mixed
with shredded HDPE bits. The void ratio at different
percentages of shredded HDPE shows a decrease at
initial stress due to a decrease in suction. Moreover,
a similar trend can be observed for clayey sand in Fig­
ure 8; this trend can be attributed to the fact that the
capillary surface tension increased and did not allow
the void ratio to change (Vanapalli et al., 1996). The
swelling indices for silty sand and clayey sand mixed
with shredded HDPE bits are insignificant, given that
the Kuwaiti soils are classified as unexpansive soils
(Ismael et al.. 1996).

Table 4. Compaction test results.

Soil Type Silty Sand (SP-SM) Clayey Sand (SC)

Shredded HDPE Max. Dry Density. Opt. Water Content. Max. Dry Density. Opt. Water Content.
Content (%) Pm d (kg/m 3) ..■(%) Pm d (kg/m 3) »r (%)
0 2.020 8.9 2,060 10.1
5 1.830 9.2 1,750 11.9
10 1.700 9.6 1,670 11.2
15 1.610 9.9 1.590 9.2

Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXV, No. 3, August 2019, pp. 213-221 217
 Abdelsalam, Almashan, and Ismael

200

150

aj
100
l—
4—*
OO

<D
-C
CO
50

10 15
HDPE (%)

Figure 4. Peak shear stress with various normal stress for the silty sand and clayey sand mixed with various percentages of shredded HDPE
bits.

Falling Head Permeability Test DISCUSSION AND PRACTICAL

Falling head permeability tests on silty sand sam­
ples compacted to maximum dry density and optimum
moisture content showed that the coefficient of per­
meability, K, substantially increased with the HDPE
bits content. Table 6 gives a summary of the test re­
sults. The permeability increased by about 3.4 times
with 5 percent HDPE content, then more than tripled
again with 10 percent and 15 percent HDPE addi­
tive. This can be attributed to the HDPE bits be­
ing highly resistance to water absorption, which al­
lowed the water to go through easily. In addition,
this is expected in view of the gradation character­
istics of the HDPE bits, which have a larger coarse
fraction compared to the test soils, as shown in
Figure 1.
APPLICATIONS
The compaction test results shown in Figures 2 and
3 and Table 4 show clearly that using HDPE additive
produced a lightweight soil with maximum densities
that were at least 20 percent less than that of the local
silty sand and clayey sand if 15 percent HDPE additive
is employed. This soil can be used as a lightweight fill
for embankment construction on soft clays and loose
sands to reduce settlement. The applied pressure being
equal to yH, where y is the unit weight of the fill and H
is the height, will be smaller. Also, this soil can be used
as backfill around foundation and retaining walls fol­
lowing excavation and construction. Disregarding the
effect of the small cohesion C, the lateral force on these
structures being equal to 1/2 yH: K, where K is the

Table 5. Summary o f shear strength and consolidation lest results.

Soil Type Silty Sand Clayey Sand

Shredded HDPE Content (%) C(kPa) Cc Cs C(kPa) Cc Cs

0 26.3 37.1 0.013 0.005 45.1 33.4 0.026 0.006

5 33.3 45.1 0.022 0.006 59.9 37.8 0.046 0.009

10 34.1 48.7 0.029 0.007 58.2 41.9 0.034 0.008

15 45.4 46.3 0.031 0.008 56.0 41.9 0.036 0.008

218 Environmental £ Engineering Geoscience. Vol. XXV, No. 3, August 2019, pp. 213-221
 Shredded High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

coefficient of earth pressure, will be reduced, since both
y and K will be smaller because of the higher angle of
internal friction, cj>.
Lightweight fill containing HDPE shredded bits
may also be used in low-lying areas where soft or
marginal soil conditions exist in order to raise the
ground level prior to road construction or placement
of culverts and pipelines. The applied overburden pres­
sure will be smaller, resulting in lower elastic and con­
solidation settlement than are associated with the cor­
responding values if the local sandy soils are employed.
The compressibility was observed to be greater
when HDPE additive was employed, as shown from
Figures 7 and 8. The Cc increased from 0.013 for the
silty sand to 0.031 when 15 percent HDPE additive
was used. The swell index also increased from 0.005 to
0.008. The corresponding increase of Cc for the clayey
sand was from 0.026 to 0.036; and for Cs the increase
was from 0.006 to 0.008 (Table 5). However, since all
values are small, the increase in compressibility is in­
significant for all practical applications.
From examination of the results of the permeabil­
ity tests in Table 6, note that the value of K increased
more than three times where 5 percent HDPE addi­
tive was used and more than tripled when 10 percent
and 15 percent HDPE were used. The HDPE amended

Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXV, No. 3, August 2019, pp. 213-221 219
 Abdelsalam, Almashan, and Ismael

Figure 7. Compression index for the silty sand and clayey sand amended with various percentages of shredded HDPE bits.

soil can be used in practice as a drainage layer in em­
bankment and highway construction and to provide a
drainage layer for landfills.
CONCLUSIONS
The geotechnical properties of two local soils in
Kuwait, namely, silty sand and clayey sand, amended
with HDPE plastic bits were examined through a lab­
oratory testing program. Based on test results, the fol­
lowing conclusions were reached:
1. Using 15 percent (by weight) HDPE plastic bits as
additive to two local soils resulted in lightweight
material with a maximum compacted density mea­
suring 20 percent lower for the silty sand and 23 per­
cent lower for the clayey sand.
2. Direct shear tests revealed an increase in both shear
strength parameters C and cj>with increasing HDPE
content. The values of C and <(>for the silty sand in­
creased from 26 kPa and 37° to 45 kPa and 46°, re­
spectively, as the HDPE content increased from 0 to
15 percent. For the clayey sand the corresponding

HDPE(%)

Figure 8. Swelling index for the silty sand and clayey sand amended with various percentages of shredded HDPE bits.

220 Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXV, No. 3, August 2019, pp. 213-221
 Shredded High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Table 6. Permeability fo r stabilized soils with shredded H D PE hits.
Soil Type Shredded HDPE Bits (%) Permeability, k (cm/second)
0 7.9 x i(r8
Silty sand 5 2.69 x I0^7
10 9.3 x I 0 '6
15 3.5 x 10-5
values were 45 kPa and 34° and 56 kPa and 41.9°,
respectively.
3. The soil compressibility increased with HDPE con­
tent. The Cc increased from 0.013 to 0.031 for the
silty sand as HDPE increased from 0 to 15 percent.
The corresponding values for the clayey sand were
0.026 and 0.036.
4. The coefficient of permeability increased 3.4 times
when 5 percent HDPE was used as an additive to
the silty sand and increased significantly with fur­
ther increase in the HDPE content.
5. Several practical applications for the local sands
with HDPE additives are recommended. These in­
clude use of the amended soil as lightweight fill
in embankment and highway construction and
as a drainage layer in landfill and embankment
construction.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge Kuwait Uni­
versity for use of the facilities of the Soils Labora­
tory of the Civil Engineering Department. The authors
are grateful to the Kuwait International Advanced In­
dustries Company (KAI) for providing the shredded
HDPE plastic bits employed in the testing program.
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