Chapter 1 - Part 3 PDF

BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Mechanics
Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik dan Elektronik (FTKEE)

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) 1
BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Chapter Overview
1. Work and Energy

2. Conservation of Energy
3. Power
4. Linear Momentum
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
1. Work and Energy
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. UTeM | Excellence Through Competency
BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Work Done by a Constant Force

The work done by a constant force is defined as the distance
moved multiplied by the component of the force in the direction
of displacement:
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In the SI system, the units of work

arejoules:
As long as this person does not lift or

lower the bag of groceries, he is
doing no work on it. The force he
exerts has no component in the
direction of motion.
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Example 1: Work done on acrate.
A person pulls a 50kg crate 40m along a horizontal floor by a
constant force FP = 100N, which acts at a 37° angle as shown.
The floor is smooth and exerts no friction force.
Determine (a) the work done by each force acting on the crate,
and (b) the net work done on the crate.
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Solving work problems:

1. Draw a free-body diagram.
2. Choose a coordinate system.
3. Apply Newton’s laws to determine any unknown forces.
4. Find the work done by a specific force.
5. To find the net work, either
a) find the net force and then find the work it does, or
b) find the work done by each force and add.
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Example 2: Does the Earth do work on

the Moon?
The Moon revolves around the

Earth in a nearly circular orbit, with
approximately constant tangential
speed, kept there by the
gravitational force exerted by the
Earth.
Does gravity do (a) positive work,
(b) negative work, or (c) no work at
all on the Moon?
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- The gravitational force on the moon acts towards

the earth and provides its centripetal force
inward along the radius of the moon’s orbit.
- The moon’s displacement at any moment is
tangent to the circle in the direction of its
velocity, perpendicular to the radius and .
Hence the angle between the and the
instantaneous displacement of the moon is ° .
- Then the work done by gravity is zero because
° .
- This is the reason the moon as well as artificial
- satellites can stay in orbit without expenditure of
fuel : no work needs to be done against the force
of gravity.
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Work Done by a Varying Force
Particle acted on by a varying force. Clearly, F ·d is not

constant!
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For a force that varies, the work can be
approximated by dividing the distance
up into small pieces, finding the work
done during each, and adding them up.
In the limit that the pieces become
infinitesimally narrow, the work is the area
under the curve:
Or:
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To calculate the work, there are several options :
1) If is known as a function of position, the

area under the graph can be determined
graphically
2) To use numerical integration(numerical summing)
perhaps with the aid of a computer or calculator
3) To use the analytical methods of integral calculus
BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Work Done by a Spring Force

(a) Spring in normal (unstretched)
position
(b) Spring is stretched by a person
exerting a force to the
right(positive direction). The spring
pulls back with a force where
(c) Person compresses the spring (

and the spring pushes back
with a force where
because
** is a spring constant
** is sometimes called a restoring
force because the spring exerts its force
in the direction opposite the
displacement and thus acts to return the
spring to its normal length
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Work Done by a Spring Force

The force exerted by a spring is
given by:
Plot of F vs. x. Work done is equal to

the shaded area. The area of a triangle
is
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Example 3: Work done on aspring.

(a) A person pulls on a spring, stretching it 3.0cm, which
requires a maximum force of 75N. How much work does
the person do?
(b) If, instead, the person compresses the spring 3.0 cm,
how much work does the person do?
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Kinetic Energy and the Work – Energy Principle

** Energy was traditionally defined as the ability to do work.
** Consider an object with mass m that is moving in a straight line with an
initial speed . To accelerate it uniformly to a speed , a constant net
force is exerted on it parallel to its motion over a displacement, d.
** The net work done on the object is .
** Applying the Newton’s second law, and use
which can be rewritten as
** Thus we get
Or = -
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Kinetic Energy and the Work – Energy

Principle
We define the translational kinetic energy as:
And =
This is known as work-energy principle which stated that the net

work done on an object is equal to the change in the object’s
kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy in the energy possessed by an object due to its

motion.
Motion = kinetic energy
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Principle
This means that the work done is equal to the change in the
kinetic energy:
• If the net work is positive, the kinetic energy increases.

• If the net work is negative, the kinetic energy decreases.
Because work and kinetic energy can be equated, they must

have the same units: kinetic energy is measured in joules [J].
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Principle
Example 4: Work on a car, to increase its kinetic energy.

How much net work is required to accelerate a 1000kg car
from 20 m/s to 30 m/s?
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Potential Energy
Potential energy is the energy associated with forces that

depend on the position or configuration of objects related to
the surroundings
An object can have potential energy by virtue of its
surroundings.
Familiar examples of potential energy:
• Awound-up spring
• Astretched elastic band
• An object at some height above the ground
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Potential Energy
In raising a mass m to a height h, the
work done by the external force is
We therefore define the gravitational

potential energy at a height y above
some reference point:
This potential energy can become

kinetic energy if the object is
dropped.
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Potential Energy
A spring has potential energy, called elastic
potential energy, when it is compressed.
The force required to compress or stretch a
springis:
where k is called the spring constant, and

needs to be measured for eachspring.
Then the potential energy is:
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Potential Energy
General definition of gravitational potential energy:
For any conservative force:
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A force is conservative if:
The work done by the force on an object moving from one point to
another depends only on the initial and final positions of the object,
and is independent of the particular path taken
Another definition of a conservative force:
A force is conservative if the net work done by the force on an object
moving around any closed path is zero
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** A small object is moves from point 1 to 2 via either of two paths labeled A and B.
With assumption a conservative force acts on the object, the work done by this
force is the same whether the object takes path A or B and it is called as W.
** Let consider the round trip from point 1 to 2 via path A and the work done is
given by . And then return to point 1 via path B with similar but is in
the opoosite direction with -W.
** Thus, the total work done in going from 1 to 2 and back to 1 is
W+(-W)=0 which proves the equivalence definition of conservative
force
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
If friction is present, the work done depends not only on the

starting and ending points, but also on the path taken. Friction is
called a nonconservative force.
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation

If there are no nonconservative forces, the sum of the changes in the
kinetic energy and in the potential energy is zero - the kinetic and
potential energy changes are equal but opposite in sign.
This allows us to define the total mechanical energy:
And its conservation:
The principle of conservation of mechanicalenergy:

If only conservative forces are doing work, the total mechanical
energy of a system neither increases nor decreases in any
process. It stays constant - it is conserved
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Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation

Thus which means if the kinetic energy K increases
then the potential energy U must decrease by an equivalent
amount to compensate. Hence, the total K+U remains constant.
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Problem Solving Using Conservation of

Mechanical Energy
If the rock starts from the rest, all of the initial energy
is potential energy. As the rock falls, the potential
energy decreases since decreases but it’s
kinetic energy increases to compensate.
At any point along the path, the total mechanical
energy is given by
Just before the rock hits the ground, all of the

potential energy have been transformed into kinetic
energy
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Mechanical Energy
Let the subscript 1 represent the rock at one point along its path and the
subscript 2 represent it at some other point, then
This equation applied to any object moving without any friction.
Example 5:
If the original height of the rock is y1 = h = 3.0m, calculate the rock’s
speed when it has fallen to 1.0m above the ground.
**what is the rock’s speed just before it hits the ground?
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Mechanical Energy
Example 6:
Two water slides at a pool are
shaped differently, but start at the
same height h. Two riders, Paul
and Kathleen, start from rest at
the same time on different slides.
(a) Which rider, Paul or Kathleen,
is traveling faster at the bottom?
(b) Which rider makes it to the
bottom first? Ignore friction and
assume both slides have the same
path length.
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
The Law of Conservation of Energy

Nonconservative, or dissipative, forces:
Friction
Heat
Electrical energy
Chemical energy
and more
do not conserve mechanical energy. However, when these forces are taken
into account, the totalenergy is still conserved:
The law of conservation of energy is one of the most important

principles in physics.
The total energy is neither increased nor decreased in any
process. Energy can be transformed from one form to another,
and transferred from one object to another, but the total
amount remains constant 25
BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
3. Power
Power is the rate at which workis done. Average power:
Instantaneous power:
Power can also be described as the rate at which energy is

transformed:
In the SI system, the units of power arewatts:
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3. Power
Power is also needed for acceleration and for movingagainst

the force of friction.
1hp(horsepower) = 746watts
The power can be written in terms of the net force and the
velocity:
Example 7:
A 60kg jogger runs up a long flight of stairs in 4.0s. The vertical
height of the stairs is 4.5m.
a) Determine the jogger’s power output.
b) How much energy did the jogger required?
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4. Linear Momentum
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TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Momentum and Its Relation to Force

Momentum is a vector and defines as the product of its mass and
its velocity.
A fast-moving car has more momentum than a slow-moving car of

the same mass.
A heavy truck has more momentum than a small car moving with
the same speed.
The more momentum an object has, the harder it is to stop it and
the greater effect it will have on another object if it is brought to
rest by striking that object.
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Momentum and Its Relation to Force

Force is required to change the momentum of the object. Therefore,
the rate of change of momentum of an object is equal to the net
force applied to it
can be shown using

Newton’s second law
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Conservation of Momentum
During a collision, measurements show that the total momentum
does not change:
Conservation of momentum
can also be derived from
Newton’s laws. A collision
takes a short enough time that
we can ignore external forces.
Since the internal forces are
equal and opposite, the total
momentum isconstant.
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The law of conservation of linear momentum:

when the net external force on a system of objects is zero,
the total momentum of the system remains constant
Equivalently,
the total momentum of an isolated system remains
constant
*isolated system – means that no external forces act on that object,

only forces acting are those between objects of the system
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When the total kinetic energy just before the collision of

two objects is similar with the total kinetic energy just
after the collision, it is called as elastic collision.
When the collisions in which the kinetic energy is not

conserved, it is said as inelastic collisions. The kinetic
energy that is lost is changed into other forms of energy
such as thermal energy.
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Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
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Collisions and Impulse

During a collision, objects are deformed due
to the large forces involved.
Since , we can write
Integrating,
This quantity is defined as impulse, J:
Thus, the impulse is equal to the change in momentum:
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BEEE 1013
TECHNICAL PHYSICS
Collisions and Impulse

Since the time of the collision is often very short, we may be able
to use the average force, which would produce the same impulse
over the same time interval.
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BEEE 1013

Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik dan Elektronik (FTKEE)

1. Work and Energy

1. Work and Energy

Work Done by a Constant Force

Work Done by a Constant Force

In the SI system, the units of work

As long as this person does not lift or

Work Done by a Constant Force

Work Done by a Constant Force

Solving work problems:

Work Done by a Constant Force

Example 2: Does the Earth do work on

The Moon revolves around the

Work Done by a Constant Force

- The gravitational force on the moon acts towards

Work Done by a Varying Force

Particle acted on by a varying force. Clearly, F ·d is not

Work Done by a Varying Force

To calculate the work, there are several options :

1) If is known as a function of position, the

Work Done by a Spring Force

(c) Person compresses the spring (

Work Done by a Spring Force

Plot of F vs. x. Work done is equal to

Work Done by a Varying Force

Example 3: Work done on aspring.

Kinetic Energy and the Work – Energy Principle

Kinetic Energy and the Work – Energy

This is known as work-energy principle which stated that the net

Kinetic energy in the energy possessed by an object due to its

Kinetic Energy and the Work – Energy

• If the net work is positive, the kinetic energy increases.

Because work and kinetic energy can be equated, they must

Kinetic Energy and the Work – Energy

Example 4: Work on a car, to increase its kinetic energy.

Potential energy is the energy associated with forces that

We therefore define the gravitational

This potential energy can become

where k is called the spring constant, and

For any conservative force:

If friction is present, the work done depends not only on the

Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation

And its conservation:

The principle of conservation of mechanicalenergy:

Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation

Problem Solving Using Conservation of

Just before the rock hits the ground, all of the

Problem Solving Using Conservation of

This equation applied to any object moving without any friction.

**what is the rock’s speed just before it hits the ground?

Problem Solving Using Conservation of

The Law of Conservation of Energy

The law of conservation of energy is one of the most important

Power can also be described as the rate at which energy is

In the SI system, the units of power arewatts:

Power is also needed for acceleration and for movingagainst

Momentum and Its Relation to Force

A fast-moving car has more momentum than a slow-moving car of

Momentum and Its Relation to Force

can be shown using

The law of conservation of linear momentum:

*isolated system – means that no external forces act on that object,