Group 3 Research Tvl-101-11-Ap

QUEZON DISTRICT
QUEZON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
PREVENTIVE AND AWARENESS OF SWINE OWNERS

AGAINTS AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN ARELLANO
A Research
Presented to the Teachers of

Quezon National High School
Senior High School Department
Alunan, Quezon, Isabela
_______________
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Subject Requirement for

Practical Research 2
(SHADOW-GARDEN)
LEADER
MAYBELLE BILAT
MEMBERS
ABIGAIL VIDUYA
ROBIN BAUTISTA
OLIVER PRADO
MARDHE CANUZA
ROLELIE DOMINGO
VENUS AGBAYANI
NHELCY MATEO
JASON DELA CRUZ
JOHN LOYD TABERNA
JUSTIN JADE COLLADO
(SY.2022-2023)
Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

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QUEZON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL #BatangQuezonianIkawAngBida
Email: depedqnhs1992@gmail.com
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Chapter I
The Problem and Its Background

I. INTRODUCTION
The case of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Asia has been
unprecedented with outbreaks occurring around many countries, significantly impacting
animal health and welfare, the agricultural economy and food security. While ASF does
not pose direct risk to human health, its highly contagious and fatal characteristics
affecting both young or old, and domestic and the wild boar population could lead to
severe devastation of the pig industry. African Swine Fever has ravaged the swine
industry of both the Western (1960-1995) and Eastern Europe (2007-2018) (Cwynar et
al., 2019; Lu et al., 2020), and has caused more than a million pig deaths in China since
severe outbreaks occurred in 2018, signaling fear and unprecedented spread among
other countries in Asia (Estienne, 2019). Inevitably enough, many Asian countries have
been affected since, including Mongolia in January, Vietnam in February, Cambodia in
April, North Korea in May, Laos in June, Myanmar in August, and South Korea in
September, among others including the Philippines as the 9th country affected (Pig
Progress, 2019; Estienne, 2019; FAO, 2020; Kim et al., 2020; Parrocha, 2020). Record
breaking increase in the number of countries affected has continued to occur since 2005
to 2018 (Rozstalnyy and Plavšić, 2019). Since the ASF DNA virus is complex being

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unusually related to other viruses, no effective vaccine has yet been developed (Costard
et al., 2013), thus calling for a comprehensive approach to contain and control its impact.
Due to the potential catastrophic impact of ASF on the country’s
swine industry, the President of the Philippines signed Executive Order No. 105 in
February 21, 2020 “creating a national task force to prevent the entry of animal-borne
diseases, contain and control the transmission thereof, and address issues relating
thereto”, and mandating the “Department of Agriculture, through the Bureau of animal
Industry to control and eradicate dangerous communicable diseases of domestic
animals” (Offical Gazette, 2020). Towards the end of 2020, The Philippines has seen
several thousands of deaths and/or mass culling of pigs to control the spread of ASF
particularly in Luzon in the north but has also affected Mindanao in the southern part of
the country (Parrocha, 2020). The Philippines is among the top pork producers
worldwide with a close to ₱200 billion pig industry of about 12.7M pigs (DOST-
PCAARRD, 2016; PSA, 2020). Of this about 65% is considered backyard or those pigs
normally raised by smallholder farmers with seemingly limited access to feed supply,
equipment, and facilities, and veterinary health resources. The practice of swill feeding is
not uncommon given the several and widely available sources including kitchen
leftovers, hotels, restaurants, and the like.

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The Eastern Visayas Region (Region VIII) in central Philippines
where this study was conducted is still free of ASF, but the risk is high considering the
volume of pigs that arrive in this region both coming from Luzon (north) and Mindanao
(south) pig producers. Thus, the Department of Agriculture and authorities in the region
have prompted significant steps to prevent the entry of ASF including the release of
relevant Executive Orders from different provincial governments to monitor and/or ban
entry of live pigs, pork and pork products from different entry/exit points as well as timely
reporting of pigs that manifest ASF-like symptoms (Quirante, 2019). The Bureau of
Animal Industry has also earlier rolled out the “1-7-10 Protocol” for culling management,
surveillance, and reporting, as well as the BABES campaign which stands for: Ban pork
imports from confirmed ASF-affected countries; Avoid swill feeding; Block entry at major
seaport and airports, especially international ports; Educate our people; and lastly,
Submit hog blood samples (DA Communications Group 2019; Meniano, 2019). Region
VIII is a potential market from among large pig producers outside of the region
considering its low pig inventory in the country (3.2%; PSA, 2019). The demand for pork
in the Province of Leyte is substantially favorable as Leyte accounts for most slaughtered
pigs within the region (PSA, 2018).
Preventing further spread of ASF from the initially affected areas
appears to be the core strategy to contain the economic losses caused by ASF (GAIN,

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2019). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) through the Agriculture and
Consumer Protection Department emphasizes early reaction, detection and notification
including the application of strict biosecurity measures. This also includes improved
husbandry practices, disinfection and good surveillance and monitoring of live pigs being
transported (FAO, 2020). Stringent compliance with biosecurity measures and
cooperation with government initiatives are key strategies to prevent introduction and
contain the impact of ASF. The aim of this study was to determine and understand the
current situation, readiness and examine the biosecurity practices of backyard pig
farmers within the City of Baybay, Leyte, Philippines. Results of this study could
influence decision makers both as pig farm owners and government officials in facing the
challenges posed by disease outbreaks.
It is about how we prevent the spread of infectious disease between farm
and to know what we are going to do if we experience this kind of disease, to know the safety
measures we would do, how can we control it, and how we will know that our swine got infected.
African swine fever is considered one of the most dreaded diseases of swine, the disease
continues to spread seriously threatening previously unaffected countries.no vaccines or drugs are
available to prevent or treat asf infection. The reason why we conduct it because thousands of
swine died due to this disease significantly reducing the domestic hog population and the
domestic pork production is decreasing make all raisers lost their incomes and got struggled to
repay their loans.

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I. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
INDEPENDENT VARIBLE DEPENDENT VARIBLE
*CLEANING
 ISOLATION
 CAREFULL OBSERVATION *SANITATION
 MAINTAIN HEALTH AND
*DESINFECTION
HYGENE
II. Research Questions

The study will focus on effectiveness of prevention and
awareness against African swine fever how will lessen the spreadness of the disease
the following are sought to be answer:
1. what are the preventive measures against African swine fever?

a. What is the level of awareness to prevent asf as a swine raiser?
b. What are the existing communication of LGU carried out during asf?
2.Why it is important to know the practices and safety measures against Asf?
3. What are the symptoms of asf and why it is needed to know the symptoms of this
disease?
4. what is the best thing swine farmers can do to avoid contamination with ASF?
III. Scope and Limitation of the Study
The focus of our study is about how to avoid African swine
fever with the help of practices and safety measures of swine owners because
there is no cure or vaccine for this disease. The respondents are the swine owners
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in Arellano who agreed to participate in our research and their role in our study
is to answer all our questions or survey and provide data to analyze for the
research study.
To understand a phenomenon, situation, or behavior under study. To develop a
theory based on existing ones. To answer different questions how, what, which,
then and why about a phenomenon behavior or situation by surveys, interviews,
observations, and ethnographic research.
Gathering data and information and analyzing them is the only way for a
researcher to conclude. The process of conducting a research study starts by
focusing on tested hunches and ideas. With the collection of the necessary
information. Conducting research is an inquiry-based process that involves
identifying a question, gathering, analyzing, and evaluating evidence, drawing
conclusions, and sharing the knowledge gained.
observations, one on one interviews and focus groups.
In citing the number of your variables, it must be in exact number.
IV. Significance of the Study

● improved health and wellbeing of the swine.
● greater productivity.
● higher performance.
● increased job satisfaction.
● greater work participation and increased social inclusion.
increased the possibility of avoiding the disease.

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- Biosecurity protocols are essential in controlling and containing ASF outbreak
situations. ASF-outbreak response may involve engagement with ASFV-infected,
ASFV-contact, or non-infected premises within a country or zone. It is essential that
response personnel are careful not to spread the virus.
- The latter is inducing an acute form of ASF, and it represents a serious
threat to the pig sector. ASF is a disease for which there is no effective
vaccine; therefore, prevention has a pivotal role in the control strategy of
the disease. This review describes the main preventive measures to adopt to
mitigate the risk of ASF spreading in pig farming systems.
- Pigs are infected mainly through the ore-nasal route after contact with
infected pigs or after feeding on virus-containing pork or contaminated
products. All excretions and secretions of infected pigs such as blood, feces,
urine, or saliva can contain virus, and ASFV may remain viable in blood
and tissues for long periods.
Definition of Terms
AWARENESS- is a concept about knowing, perceiving and being cognizant
of events. Another definition describes it as a state wherein a subject is aware of
some information when that information is directly available to bring to bear in the
direction of a wide range of behavioral actions.
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PREVENTION- action taken to decrease the chance of getting a disease or

condition.
PRACTICES- the act of doing something regularly or repeatedly to improve
your skill at doing it.
BIOSECURITY- is the prevention of disease-causing agents entering or leaving
any place where they can pose a risk to farm animals, other animals, humans, or
the safety and quality of a food product.
DESINFECTION-a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic
microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.
SANITATION-a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms,
except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.
ISOLATION- a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms,
except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.

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REFERENCES
African swine fever (ASF)
https://www.frontiersin.org › africa...
African Swine Fever | Frontiers Research Topic
https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com › ...
Research gap analysis on African swine fever - - 2019 - EFSA Journal
BIOSECURITY
scielo.org.pe
http://www.scielo.org.pe › scielo
Biosecurity and readiness of smallholder pig farmers against potential African ...
Chapter II

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DEFINITION
African swine fever is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease
affecting both domestic and feral swine of all ages. ASF is not a threat to human health and
cannot be transmitted from pigs to humans. It is not a food safety issue.
ASF is found in countries around the world. More recently, it has spread to the Dominican
Republic and Haiti. ASF has also spread through China, Mongolia, and Vietnam, as well as
within parts of the European Union. It has never been found in the United States – and we
want to keep it that way.
USDA's African swine fever program, Protect Our Pigs, provides the tools and resources you
need to make sure that you are doing everything possible to keep swine healthy and reduce
the risk of spreading ASF.
APHIS is furthering its overall African swine fever (ASF) preparedness efforts with the
implementation of a surveillance plan. To make this program as effective and efficient as
possible, USDA will add ASF testing to our existing classical swine fever (CSF) surveillance.
The plan, titled Swine Hemorrhagic Fevers: African and Classical Swine Fever Integrated
Surveillance Plan, is available in the “Technical Documents” section below.
APHIS has developed three new resources related to African swine fever:

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 A qualitative assessment of the likelihood of African swine fever virus entry to the
United States.
 A non-animal origin feed ingredient risk evaluation framework.
 A literature review of non-animal origin feed ingredients and the transmission of viral
pathogens of swine.
These documents are available in the 'Technical Documents' section below.
ASF is a devastating, deadly disease that would have a significant impact on U.S. livestock
producers, their communities, and the economy if it were found here. There is no treatment
or vaccine available for this disease. The only way to stop this disease is to depopulate all
affected or exposed swine herds.
USDA is working closely with other federal and state agencies, the swine industry, and
producers to take the necessary actions to protect our nation’s pigs and keep this disease
out. This group is also actively preparing to respond if ASF were ever detected in the U.S.
Anyone who works with pigs should be familiar with the signs of ASF:
 High fever
 Decreased appetite and weakness.
 Red, blotchy skin or skin lesions
 Diarrhea and vomiting
 Coughing and difficulty breathing
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Immediately report animals with any of these signs to state or federal animal health officials
or call USDA’s toll-free number at 1-866-536-7593 for appropriate testing and investigation.
Timeliness is essential to preventing the spread of ASF.
On-farm biosecurity is crucial to preventing any animal disease from developing and
spreading. All pig owners and anyone involved with pig operations should know and follow
strict biosecurity practices to help protect U.S. pigs from ASF. Work with your veterinarian to
assess your biosecurity plans and make improvements as needed.
International travelers could unknowingly bring back this disease from an ASF-affected
country, especially if they visit farms. Visit the APHIS traveler page to know which items you
can bring back into the United States. Some food items may carry disease and threaten
domestic agriculture and livestock. If you go to an ASF-affected country, do not bring back
pork or pork products.
Declare any international farm visits to U.S. Customs and Border Protection when you
return. Make sure you thoroughly clean and disinfect, or dispose of, any clothing or shoes
that you wore around pigs, before returning to the U.S. Do not visit a farm, premises with
pigs, livestock market, sale barn, zoo, circus, pet store with pot-bellied pigs, or any other
animal facility with pigs for at least 5 days after you return.
The clinical signs of ASF may occur in chronic, sub-acute or acute form. The incubation period for ASF
is variable but is usually between five and fifteen days.

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In the acute form pigs develop a high temperature (40.5 degrees C or 105 degrees F), then become
dull and go off their food. Other symptoms can vary but will include some or all the following:
vomiting
diarrhea (sometimes bloody)
reddening or darkening of the skin, particularly ears and snout
gummed up eyes.
labored breathing and coughing
abortion, still births and weak litter.
weakness and unwillingness to stand.
The clinical signs of ASF are indistinguishable from those for Classical Swine Fever and similar to
other pig diseases such as Porcine Dermatitis and Neopathy Syndrome.
Where is this disease found?

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Traditionally this serious disease has occurred mainly in Africa with the only endemic area in the
European Union (EU) being the Italian island of Sardinia. However, in 2017 the disease has also been
reported in Central and Eastern Europe (Romania and the Czech Republic).
What is the public health risk associated with this disease?
African Swine Fever is not a human health threat.
How is the disease transmitted?
African Swine Fever can be spread through:
direct contact with infected pigs, faces or body fluids.
indirect contact via fomites such as equipment, vehicles or people who work with pigs between pig
farms with ineffective biosecurity.
pigs eating infected pig meat or meat products.
biological vectors - ticks of the speciesOrnithodoros. However, ASF-competent ticks are not present
in the UK.
Prevention
Good biosecurity is essential to the prevention of introduction of ASF into Northern Ireland.

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Biosecurity measures that farmers can take.
maintain strict biosecurity.
only allow essential visitors to enter your farm, and insist that they wear clean or disposable clothing
and footwear, and wash their hands (or shower in if possible)
only allow vehicles and equipment on to the farm if they have been cleaned and disinfected
beforehand.
do not allow people who may have been in contact with other pigs on to your farm.
do not allow staff and visitors to bring pork products on to the farm.
do not allow catering waste / scraps to be fed to pigs - dispose of it safely.
only source pigs and semen of known health status
The feeding of any food waste of animal origin or food waste which has been in contact with
products of animal origin, whether raw or cooked, is illegal in the UK.
If you keep pigs, you have an important role in preventing further disease outbreaks, it is essential
that pig holders maintain effective biosecurity all year round.

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History
African swine fever (ASF) has existed for more than a century. ASF is a highly
contagious, deadly disease affecting both domestic and feral pigs, devastating pork industries
around the globe. ASF was first described in 1921 in Kenya. In the decades that followed, it spread in
several sub-Saharan African countries but remained on the African Continent until 1957.
African swine fever reached Europe in 1957 when it was detected in a Portugal
pig farm. Through rapid depopulation of more than 10,000 pigs, this outbreak was quickly
controlled. Just three years later, in 1960, the disease reappeared in Portugal and rapidly spread to
Spain and France.
In 1978, ASF arrived in the Dominic Republic. Within a year, the disease killed
nearly half of the country’s pigs and spread to Haiti. These governments worked cooperatively with
USDA to eradicate ASF in the Dominican Republic in 1980 and in Haiti in 1984.
ASF remained in Europe until 1995. ASF was re-introduced in Europe in 2007
through Georgia and spread relatively uncontrollably. It began its expansion to Eastern Europe,
affecting Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Russian Federation, followed by Ukraine and Belarus.
In 2014, ASF entered the European Union (EU) through Lithuania, Poland, Latvia,
and Estonia, followed by nine other European countries. By 2020, the threat grew closer to the EU’s
two largest pig producing countries – France and Germany. ASF was since detected in Northern Italy
and Germany. In Europe, both domestic pigs and wild boar have been infected. Wild boar played a
significant role in the persistence of the virus throughout the continent.
While Europe suffered for years, ASF wasn’t detected in Asia until August 2018. Its spread in China
was more rapid compared to other regions and affected over a dozen other Asian countries.
ASF continues to spread and impact the health and livelihood of swine industries around the world.
Currently, the United States remains ASF free, but the threat continues. In 2021,
ASF was again detected in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. This proximity poses an increased
threat to the health of U.S. swine. History has shown that ASF is difficult to control and has
devastating consequences. Millions of pigs were depopulated around the globe because of this
disease.
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PARTS
Peracute, acute, subacute, and chronic forms of ASF occur, and
mortality rates vary from 0% to 100%, depending on the virulence of the virus with which pigs are
infected. The acute and peracute forms of the disease are characterized by a severe hemorrhagic
disease with close to 100% mortality. After a short incubation period of 3 –7 days, swine develops
high fever (up to 42°C), followed rapidly by inappetence, incoordination, and prostration. Swine may
die at this stage without exhibiting other clinical signs. Surviving swine will then exhibit reddening or
cyanosis of the ears and snout, followed rapidly by more generalized reddening of the body and
bleeding from the nose and anus. Infected pigs may also show dyspnea, vomiting, and abortion if
pregnant.
Swine that survive acute infection may appear healthy or chronically diseased. Some viruses of low
virulence have been isolated that produce nonspecific clinical signs and lesions often characterized
by emaciation, swollen joints, and respiratory problems.
The severity and distribution of the lesions caused by ASFV vary according to the virulence of the
virus. In acutely fatal cases, gross lesions are most prominent in the lymphoid and vascular systems.
Hemorrhages occur predominantly in lymph nodes, which may resemble blood clots, and in the
kidneys (usually as petechiae) and heart. The spleen is often large and friable, and there may be
straw-colored or blood-stained fluid in pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities and congestion of
the lungs.
Review of Related Studies and Literature

Foreign Literature

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The three most dangerous animal diseases—African swine fever

(ASF), classical swine fever (CSF), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)—are not now
present in the United States. In terms of livestock sickness and mortality incidents,
productivity losses, compelled trade restrictions, and expenditures related to treatment and
control, emerging and re-emerging infections can have significant effects. In addition to
being the third-largest producer and consumer of pork and pork products in the world, the
United States is the top exporter of pork and pork products in the world. It is also the top
producer of beef for domestic and export use. It's critical to comprehend each pathogen's
potential economic impact as well as its routes of entry into the United States to (a) allocate
resources.
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine that kills domestic
pigs at a high fatality rate that is close to 100%. The only member of the Asfarviridae family
and genus Asfivirus, the ASF virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus that mostly
replicates in the cytoplasm of macrophages and causes ASF. Wild suids and arthropod
vectors of the genus Ornithodorids are among the virus's natural hosts (Galindo and Alonso,
2017). Sub-Saharan African nations have an endemic form of ASF, but since its introduction
to the Caucasus in 2007, a particularly virulent strain of the virus has continued to circulate
and spread, most recently into Western Europe, China, and several Southeast Asian nations
(Karger et al., 2019) With an estimated direct cost of $55–130 billion, the recent spread of
ASF in the People's Republic of China and surrounding Asian nations has had a substantial
economic impact. Since the first documented case was confirmed in the city of Shenyang,
Liaoning Province, China, on August 3rd, 2018, 14 countries have reported ASF outbreaks,
decimating the swine industry across vast regions of Southeast Asia. The discovery and
elimination of affected animals is the only method for controlling ASF in the absence of any
vaccinations.
According to the projections, worldwide pig prices will rise by 17 to 85%, and other meat
prices will also rise due to unmet demand. The demand for pork declines as a result of the

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price increase, but other countries' output increases as well, and imports cover half of
China's losses. While prices for maize and soybeans used in feed are falling, demand for
and prices of food types like beef and poultry are rising. The availability of calories on
average per person is somewhat declining in China, highlighting the significance of meeting
the dietary demands of low-income populations. The ASF epidemic's direct and indirect
effects on the food and feed markets are reflected in the variable calorie availability
estimates outside of China (Mason-D'Croz et al., 2020).
2021 used data compiled from reports of confirmed cases to depict the spatial-temporal
spread of ASF throughout Asia during its early phase from 1 August 2018 (reported start
date) to 31 December 2019. Analysis showed that ASFV was spreading throughout Asia,
with peaks coincident with rising reports from China, Vietnam, and Laos. There were
discovered to be two clusters of epidemics. ASFV largely spread from the North-East to the
South-East during the epidemic; earlier reports were most prevalent in the North-East's
bigger secondary cluster, while later reports were most prevalent in the South-East's smaller
primary cluster. There were found to be significant variations in the epidemics, morbidity,
mortality, and unit kinds depending on the country. initial outbreak and enterprise numbers
as potential risk factors for aiding ASFV spread throughout Asia, biosecurity practices, wild
boar populations, pig transportation, and movement of infected fomites are discussed
(Mighell and Ward, 2021). Sites where the ASF outbreak occurred in Asia from 2018 to
2019. Sites are coloured from green to red according to the pandemic day (1 to 507). Day 1
is August 1st, 2018, and Day 507 is December 20th, 2019. The observed/expected values
for the primary (22/02/2019-22/09/2019) and secondary (14/08/2018-15/10/2018) clusters
are 12.87 and 6.21, respectively. The World Organization for Animal Health was used as the
source for the data (Mighell and Ward, 2021).
summarized the ASF pandemic scenario in China as of July 2010 and examined the
transmission-related influencing factors. Safe and effective vaccines are urgently required
because the scenario facing the prevention, control, and elimination of ASF in China is not
hopeful. The final section of the review clearly analyzes the present circumstances and
changing patterns of ASF vaccinations considering the ongoing development of ASF
vaccines worldwide. The most recent research findings demonstrated that efforts to develop
ASF gene-deleted vaccines and virus-vectored vaccines have demonstrated to provide full

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homologous protection with promising efficacy. Additionally, the ASF vaccine's research
gaps and future directions are discussed.
Foreign Studies
ASF, CSF, and ASF are three types of swine fever.
Transboundary animal diseases that are extremely contagious and constitute a serious and
catastrophic threat include foot-and-mouth disease (FMD).
ramifications for agriculture's finances. Considering them
These diseases present trading risks due to their potential for rapid spread.
partners, thus affecting trade globally and creating.
the World Organization for Animal Health (WoAH)
(OIE). ASF, CSF, and/or FMD-free nations continue to exist.
vigilance through disease surveillance that is both passive and active.
to guarantee early discovery, to lessen the effect and spread of
disease epidemics that might occur and to keep trust in international economic relationships.
Local Literature

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ASF is one of the dreaded diseases prevalent among domestic pigs and wild boars. In the
affected animals the ASF virus brings about sickness portrayed by severe depression with
mortality rates touching in and around 100%. Detection of the virus is by isolation or
demonstration of specific ASF antibodies. Identification of the diseased, quarantine and
culling of contaminated and uncovered animals can be adopted in control and preventive
measures. In the short term, various categories of viral drugs and symptomatic therapy can
provide technical fixes to such epidemics. In the long term, veterinarians, researchers, and
everyone concerned with animal and human health should collaborate to work along with
small pig farmers to study ASF and help in making pig farming practices more secure.
Further research should be directed towards in vivo and in vitro trials on therapeutic plants
and antivirals effective against the virus. Nevertheless, the control and spread of serious
transboundary diseases such as ASF will officially belong to the veterinary authorities
cooperating hand in hand with the pig farmers, but one cannot rule out the possibility that
outbreak of the disease is unlikely until pig producers understand the disease transmission
pattern and take necessary precautions and ensure that their own herd will not get the
disease.
The focal point of anticipation and control of ASF is still on early diagnosis and control due to
absence of effective vaccines in controlling the disease (Galindo and Alonso, 2017) [17].
Methods for early diagnosis of the disease include an immunoblotting assay (Pastor et al.,
1989) [40], sandwich ELISA (Hutchings and Ferris, 2006) [29], PCR assay (Agüero et al.,
2003) [1], nested PCR assay (Basto et al., 2006) [7] , TaqMan®PCR assay (King et al.,
2003)[33], hot-start multiplex PCR (Giammarioli et al., 2008) [20], real-time PCR (Haines et
al., 2013) [24], cross-priming amplification (CPA) assay (Frączyk et al., 2016) [15],
polymerase crosslinking spiral reaction (PCLSR) assay (Woźniakowski et al., 2016) [54] and
a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay (James et al., 2010) [30]. A real time
LAMP and visual assay for early diagnosis for ASF in the less developed areas has also
been successful in confirmatory detection of the virus. Studies demonstrate that p54, an
immunogenic proteins is a good serological target for conducting ASF detection and
surveillance (Petrovan et al., 2020) [44] .
Local Studies

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As of present, there is no particular vaccine or treatment regime for the disease. The most adequate
preventive measure must be by checking and stopping the spread of the virus. The demographic
location of vectors such as ticks and flies should be considered while mapping control measures. The
changing climatic and habitat patterns on the distribution of the vectors also needs to be stressed
on. Firstly, the control and preventive measures are mostly aimed at preventing contact between
warthogs/bushhogs and domestic pigs. Secondly, it should also be ensured that infected pigs and
bedding material do not leave the area of the farm premises where the outbreak has been
confirmed. However, the cases reported in Northeastern Indian states of Assam and Arunachal
Pradesh can be potentially linked to international movement and trade. It is possible to prevent the
spread of the virus by implementing strict biosecurity measures since without human assistance the
ASF virus cannot be transmitted over long distances. In this context, limiting the access for people
and vehicles in and around the farm premises and in areas where pigs are reared can be of great
help in containing the spread of the disease. Ensuring that farm workers and other essential visitors
such as veterinarians are disinfected properly before entering the farm premises and entry should
be based on protective clothing and other PPE gears. Feeding of leftovers should be strictly avoided,
no human food should be allowed into the pig facility and biosecurity guidelines to be adhered to
strictly. Disinfectant foot baths for visitors and working personnel can also be installed but generally
are not very effective in terms of destroying the virus but should be included as part of the
biosecurity plan for the farm. In the majority of the ASF control zone, OIE designed concept of
compartmentalization and many of its principles, for obtaining recognition of freedom from disease
have already been applied and promulgated efficiently. The guidelines for compartments are still
under development, but majority of these guidelines are based upon maintaining strict biosecurity
measures throughout the whole production chain, to prevent the entry of specific diseases,
considering all the ways in which they are transmitted. Early detection and humane killing of the pig
population with proper disposal of carcasses and weight with surveillance and detailed
epidemiological investigation are deemed to be ensured (OIE).
Until researchers develop an appropriate vaccine, the need of the hour is incorporating antiviral
drugs in the symptomatic treatment regime. Antiviral approaches can be equally effective in the case
of animal subjects too as in human subjects. For effective protection against the disease and to elicit
an effective immune response against the virus antivirals should be effectively combined with

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vaccination protocols. Several research suggests that neutralizing antibodies to proteins such as p30,
p54 and p72 can significantly provide full protection against the virus.
Synthesis of literature and studies
It has been particularly challenging to develop an effective ASFV

vaccine. To date, no vaccine is available because of a number of key factors, including the
lack of identification of protective antigens, incomplete understanding of virus–host cell
interactions, and inadequate knowledge relative to the diversity of viral strains currently
circulating in natural reservoirs (58, 59). A number of vaccine options have been tried with
varying levels of success, including using vaccines with naturally or experimentally deleted
genes, subunit vaccines based on recombinant proteins, and DNA vaccines (23). However,
none conferred complete protection. A live attenuated vaccine strain was developed and
was shown to provide protection against a homologous strain challenge; however, use on
the Iberian Peninsula is believed to have been the origin of some low virulence strains that
induced a chronic disease form of ASF during the 1960–1995 outbreak (23). Despite this
setback, live attenuated vaccines continue to be evaluated for their protective capacity
(60, 61).
Knockout ASFV mutants have been evaluated for efficacy although findings have been
inconsistent. Afonso et al. (62) describe a highly conserved gene, referred to as NL, and
found that deletion of the gene from European pathogenic strains resulted in complete
attenuation of the virus in domestic swine. NL-deleted mutants were created for two highly
virulent African strains of ASFV, and inoculation in domestic swine found that these strains
retained their virulence, irrespective of the absence of NL. These findings suggest
that NL gene function is not required for these strains of ASFV, and that NL gene deletion
alone is insufficient to engineer live attenuated ASFV vaccines. Gene 9GL is highly
conserved, and in vitro evaluation determined that the protein encoded by this gene affects
virion maturation and viral growth in macrophage culture (63). The deletion of 9GL resulted

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in growth-defective mutants in culture and was found to be highly attenuated in domestic

swine. Immunization with a 9GL knockout virus followed by a challenge with a wild-type
ASFV strain resulted in complete protection, and this mutant is being further evaluated as a
vaccine candidate for ASFV. The 9GL gene is also highly conserved and deletion was found
to result in complete viral attenuation in swine (64). Vaccination with the mutant strain
followed by infection with a wild-type homologous virus resulted in complete protection.
Interestingly, however, evaluation of anti-ASFV specific antibodies, ASFV-specific IFNγ
response, and circulating cytokine levels found that a complex immune scenario dictates
whether infection is established.
Furthermore, A238L is an ASFV immunomodulatory protein that inhibits activation of the

NFĸB and NFAT pathways, which are responsible for regulating the synthesis of pro-
inflammatory cytokines (65). This protein is believed to be a potent immunosuppressor that
may contribute to viral evasion of the host immune response. Unsurprisingly, inoculation of
pigs with A238L mutant viruses demonstrated an increase in TNFα, a potent pro-
inflammatory cytokine. Much more work is needed to determine whether immunization with
viruses with altered immunomodulatory proteins could be harnessed to assist the host
immune response against virulent challenge.
Recombinant protein vaccines have also been characterized using a number of relevant viral
proteins. p30 and p54 are externally located and involved in virus attachment and virus
internalization, respectively (58). Immunization of domestic pigs with either recombinant p54
or p30 proteins induced neutralizing antibodies but did not protect against lethal challenge
and the disease course was unaltered. Combination p54 and p30 vaccines produced both
neutralizing antibodies and modified the disease course resulting in a range of protection.
Ivanov et al. (66) evaluated 46 peptides that mimic viral proteins for their ability to establish a
protective immune response. Vaccination with some combinations of these peptides was
found to delay mortality in domestic swine and warrants further investigation. A baculovirus
vector expressing the ASFV hemagglutinin was used as a vaccine, and all pigs survived
challenge with a virulent virus after immunization (67).

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DNA vaccines have also been assessed as an option for ASF, and partial protection was
afforded in domestic swine using p54 and p30 as antigens on the construct (68). The robust
activation of CD8+ cells appear to be extremely important for protection.
Exposure to a non-virulent strain in Portugal (OURT88/3 genotype 1) followed by a virulent

strain (OURT88/1 genotype 1) conferred protection against challenge with virulent field
isolates from Africa (69). This immunization strategy protected most pigs from both disease
development and viremia. The cross-reactivity of the various strains of ASFV can be
measured using IFNγ stimulatory assays and provide a strong correlation to the degree of
protection conferred.
In addition to evaluating new vaccine preparations, Blome et al. (70) reassessed inactivated
ASFV vaccination preparations using modern adjuvants, specifically Polygen and Emulsigen
D, which are known to stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses, including
IFNγ. The efficacy of inactivated ASFV vaccines was not improved, and no protection was
observed after vaccination followed by challenge with a homologous strain. In fact,
vaccinated animals submitted to the disease more quickly, suggesting the possibility of
antibody dependent enhancement.
Vaccine development for ASFV is ongoing and challenging due to the range of genetic and
antigenic variability as well as the myriad of strategies utilized by the virus to evade the
host’s immune response. Further work is essential to develop a vaccine that is both biosafe
and provides a high degree of protection across virulent ASFV strains. Subject matter
experts believe that live attenuated vaccines are the most promising candidates in the short
term due to their experimental successes; however, more studies are required to confirm
vaccine safety, capacity to differentiate between naturally infected and vaccinated animals
(DIVA), and long-term efficacy.

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REFERENCES
Local search based evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm for constrained and
unconstrained problems. (n.d.). Local Search Based Evolutionary Multi-objective
Optimization Algorithm for Constrained and Unconstrained Problems | IEEE Conference
Publication | IEEE Xplore. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4983310/
Local search based evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm for constrained and
unconstrained problems. (n.d.). Local Search Based Evolutionary Multi-objective
Optimization Algorithm for Constrained and Unconstrained Problems | IEEE Conference
Publication | IEEE Xplore. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4983310/
Ladoşi, I., Păpuc, T. A., & Ladoşi, D. (n.d.). The Impact of African Swine Fever (ASF) on
Romanian Pig Meat Production: A Review. The Impact of African Swine Fever (ASF) on
Romanian Pig Meat Production: A Review. https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/acve-2023-
0001

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QUEZON DISTRICT

QUEZON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

PREVENTIVE AND AWARENESS OF SWINE OWNERS

Presented to the Teachers of

Of the Subject Requirement for

Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

The Problem and Its Background

The case of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Asia has been

unprecedented with outbreaks occurring around many countries, significantly impacting

been affected since, including Mongolia in January, Vietnam in February, Cambodia in

Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

Due to the potential catastrophic impact of ASF on the country’s

Industry to control and eradicate dangerous communicable diseases of domestic

leftovers, hotels, restaurants, and the like.

Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

The Eastern Visayas Region (Region VIII) in central Philippines

pigs within the region (PSA, 2018).

Preventing further spread of ASF from the initially affected areas

Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

Consumer Protection Department emphasizes early reaction, detection and notification

transported (FAO, 2020). Stringent compliance with biosecurity measures and

challenges posed by disease outbreaks.

It is about how we prevent the spread of infectious disease between farm

repay their loans.

Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

II. Research Questions

1. what are the preventive measures against African swine fever?

III. Scope and Limitation of the Study

The focus of our study is about how to avoid African swine

To understand a phenomenon, situation, or behavior under study. To develop a

then and why about a phenomenon behavior or situation by surveys, interviews,

observations, and ethnographic research.

researcher to conclude. The process of conducting a research study starts by

information. Conducting research is an inquiry-based process that involves

identifying a question, gathering, analyzing, and evaluating evidence, drawing

conclusions, and sharing the knowledge gained.

observations, one on one interviews and focus groups.

In citing the number of your variables, it must be in exact number.

IV. Significance of the Study

Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

- Biosecurity protocols are essential in controlling and containing ASF outbreak

situations. ASF-outbreak response may involve engagement with ASFV-infected,

ASFV-contact, or non-infected premises within a country or zone. It is essential that

response personnel are careful not to spread the virus.

- The latter is inducing an acute form of ASF, and it represents a serious

vaccine; therefore, prevention has a pivotal role in the control strategy of

mitigate the risk of ASF spreading in pig farming systems.

infected pigs or after feeding on virus-containing pork or contaminated

and tissues for long periods.

PREVENTION- action taken to decrease the chance of getting a disease or

Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

African swine fever (ASF)

African Swine Fever | Frontiers Research Topic

Research gap analysis on African swine fever - - 2019 - EFSA Journal

Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

cannot be transmitted from pigs to humans. It is not a food safety issue.

want to keep it that way.

the risk of spreading ASF.

implementation of a surveillance plan. To make this program as effective and efficient as

Surveillance Plan, is available in the “Technical Documents” section below.

Quezon District QNHS: Committed to

 A non-animal origin feed ingredient risk evaluation framework.

These documents are available in the 'Technical Documents' section below.