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DG FrequencyRelayIslandingDetection
DG FrequencyRelayIslandingDetection
3, JULY 2006
Abstract—This paper investigates the efficiency of under/over As a standard practice, all distributed synchronous genera-
frequency relays for protection of distributed synchronous gener- tors are also equipped with under/over frequency relays, whose
ators considering islanding detection and frequency-tripping re- settings are established according to the generator manufacturer
quirements. Comparison between frequency and vector surge re-
lays, which are islanding detection-dedicated devices, shows that recommendations and to the utility frequency-tripping require-
the former can be as effective as the latter. This feature supports ments (or interconnection) guidelines [1]. Since both the vector
the idea that frequency relays can replace vector surge relays for is- surge and the frequency relays operate on the basis of system
landing detection purpose. In this case, frequency relays must also frequency deviation, one would wonder if the frequency relay
meet the generator manufacturer recommendations and the utility can replace the vector surge relay for anti-islanding detection
frequency-tripping requirements. In order to investigate the relay
capability to meet both necessities, it is proposed the concept of ap- application. If this is the case, installation of a dedicated is-
plication region, which defines a region in the detection time versus landing detection relay, such as the VSR, will become unnec-
active power imbalance space where frequency-based relays can be essary. The savings can be quite attractive for small-distributed
adjusted to satisfy the anti-islanding and frequency-tripping re- generators and the protection system would be much simpler.
quirements simultaneously. The paper also presents a set of for- Another significant issue raising from using frequency-based
mulas to determine directly the application region.
relays for anti-islanding protection is the conflicting require-
Index Terms—Distributed generation, dynamic simulation, ment on the relay performance. The IEEE distributed resources
frequency relay, islanding detection, synchronous generator. interconnection guide recommends that a DG must not be dis-
connected due to small frequency variations [1]. If the relay is
I. INTRODUCTION set to meet this requirement, it may not detect islanding condi-
tions within the required time. On the other hand, if the relay is
circuit breaker. For simplicity, it was considered that the de- TABLE I
viations of the relay settings for under/over frequency are the CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND VECTOR SURGE
RELAYS SETTINGS IN A 60 HZ SYSTEM
same. Therefore, if a variation of frequency occurs, the
frequency relay becomes active. Frequency relays can be op-
erated with a time delay; in this case, the tripping conditions
(frequency variation) must persist during a pre-determined time
to trigger the relay. Typically, frequency relays can be adjusted
using multi-stages, therefore, instantaneous and time-delay set-
tings are employed simultaneously. Usually, frequency relays
can be blocked if the terminal voltage drops below an adjustable
level . This is to avoid, for example, the actuation of the
relay during generator start-up.
Vector surge relays measure the duration time of an elec-
trical cycle and start a new measurement at each zero rising
crossing of the terminal voltage and the current cycle duration
(measured waveform) is compared with the last one (reference
cycle). Variations of the cycle duration results in a proportional
variation of the terminal voltage angle, which is the input pa-
rameter of vector surge relays. If the variation of the terminal
voltage angle exceeds a pre-determined threshold, a trip signal
is immediately sent to the generator circuit breaker. Usually,
vector surge relays allow this angle threshold to be adjusted
in the range from 2 to 20 degrees. A detailed description of
vector surge relays is presented in [5]. VSRs were simulated as
follows. The generator terminal voltage angle is determined
in every integration step. A reference terminal voltage angle
is computed and updated at the beginning of each elec-
trical cycle. The absolute variation between these two angles, Fig. 4. Performance curves of VSR and frequency relays.
, is calculated in every integration step and com-
pared with the angle threshold . Additionally, the rms value TABLE II
CRITICAL POWER IMBALANCE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN FR
of the terminal voltage is also determined in every integration AND VSR ANTI-ISLANDING PERFORMANCES
step. If the angle variation is larger than the angle threshold
and the magnitude of the terminal voltage is larger than the
adjusted minimum voltage , the VSR immediately sends
a trip signal to the circuit breaker. More details about the VSR
computational model can be found in [6].
The main difference concerning the operating principles of
frequency and vector surge relays is the reference value used to
trigger the relay. While the frequency relay uses a fixed refer-
ence, the rated system frequency (60 Hz in this work), the ref-
erence value used by a vector surge relay is updated cycle by
cycle, indeed, the last cycle duration or some average value cal- generation-load profile. For each case of active power imbal-
culated using a few cycles [5], [6]. ance, dynamic simulation is conducted to determine the relay
detection time and then the curves are plotted [6].
In a 60 Hz system, 1 Hz corresponds to 6 electrical degrees.
IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN FREQUENCY RELAYS
Therefore, the relationships presented in Table I are adopted for
AND VECTOR SURGE RELAYS FOR ISLANDING DETECTION
comparison purpose.
In this section, a comparison between the islanding detection The performance curves for three different vector surge and
capability of frequency and vector surge relays is carried out by frequency relays settings are presented in Fig. 4. Results show
using the performance curves. Such curves are obtained through that the performances of both relays are quite similar. The
repeated dynamic simulations. The islanding situation is sim- critical power imbalances for typical relays settings considering
ulated by opening the circuit breaker CB installed at bus 2 at that the required detection time is 300, 500 or 700 ms are
s (Fig. 2), which remains open until the end of the sim- presented in Table II. In this table, the values are in percentage
ulation at s. Then, if the relay installed at bus 5 does of the generator MVA rating; the frequency relay is referred
not become active within 1.0 s, it is considered that this device as FR and the vector surge relay as VSR. It can be noted that
fails to detect the islanding. The active power imbalance of the both relays lead to very similar critical power imbalances. The
islanded system is gradually varied from 0 to 1 pu, referred to significance of this finding is the following: the vector surge
the MVA rating of the generator, by changing the pre-islanding relay does not offer additional advantages than the frequency
VIEIRA et al.: PERFORMANCE OF FREQUENCY RELAYS 1123
TABLE III
INTERCONNECTION SYSTEM RESPONSE TO ABNORMAL FREQUENCIES
Fig. 6. Application region of a frequency relay, considering underfrequency Fig. 8. Application region of a frequency relay: optimum setting.
settings (deficit of active power).
A. Analytical Formula where is the relay setting. Frequency relays can be adjusted
Considering the system presented in Fig. 2, at steady state with time-delay settings. In this case, frequency variation must
the mechanical power of the distributed generator is bal- persist during a pre-defined interval of time to activate the relay.
anced with the load electrical power and the electrical power Thus, the relay time-delay setting must be introduced in (5) as
provided (or consumed) by the power grid. Therefore, follows:
the distributed generator rotor speed and angle are constant.
If some disturbance occurs provoking an active power imbal- (6)
ance , the system frequency starts to change because the
power imbalance causes transients in the distributed gener- where is the time-delay applied. With (6), one can obtain
ator. The dynamic behavior of the synchronous generator can be the detection time versus power imbalance curves and, conse-
determined by using the machine swing equation. In the mathe- quently, the application region. The validity of the mathemat-
matical development below, the following assumptions are con- ical development is confirmed by simulation, considering con-
sidered: (a) the load is represented by a constant power model; stant power loads in the system of Fig. 2. The relay performance
(b) the generator is represented by the classical model. The curves obtained by simulation and the formula are presented in
swing equation of the synchronous generator is given by Fig. 9 for different instantaneous and time-delay settings. Very
good match can be observed between the two sets of the relay
performance curves.
(1)
B. Modified Empirical Formula
where is the generator inertia constant, is the synchronous
The analytical formula developed in the previous subsection
speed and the other variables have been defined previously. The
considers that the power imbalance after the opening of the cir-
rotor speed can be solved from (1) as
cuit breaker is constant. However, it occurs only if the loads have
characteristics of constant power. In addition, the islanding de-
(2) tection capability of frequency-based relay should be analyzed
1126 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 3, JULY 2006
power imbalance. This result is similar to that obtained in Sec- Walmir Freitas (M’02) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
tion V-B through simulation (Fig. 8). the State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, in 2001.
From 2002 to 2003, he was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Al-
berta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor at the
ACKNOWLEDGMENT State University of Campinas. His research interests are power system stability
and control along with distributed generation.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Z. Huang of the Energy
Science and Technology Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, for his comments and help during the development
of this work.
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Wilsun Xu (M’90–SM’95–F’05) received the Ph.D. degree from the University
Power Systems, IEEE Std. 1547™, Jul. 21, 2003. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, in 1989.
[2] G59/1 Recommendations for the Connection of Embedded Generating From 1989 to 1996, he was an Electrical Engineer with BC Hydro, where he
Plant to the Regional Electricity Companies Distribution Systems, 1991. was responsible for power quality and voltage stability projects. He is currently
[3] “Impact of Increasing Contribution of Dispersed Generation on the an Adjunct Professor at Shandong University, Shandong, China, and a Professor
Power System,” CIGRÉ, Working Group 37.23, 1999. at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. His main research interests
[4] “Dispersed Generation,” CIRED, CIRED Working Group 4, 1999. are power quality, voltage stability, and distributed generation.
[5] N. Jenkins, R. Allan, P. Crossley, D. Kirschen, and G. Strbac, Embedded
Generation, 1st ed. London, U.K.: Inst. Elect. Eng., 2000.
[6] W. Freitas, Z. Huang, and W. Xu, “A practical method for assessing the
effectiveness of vector surge relays for distributed generation applica-
tions,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 1, pp. 57–63, Jan. 2005.
[7] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1994.