Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ansci Module 1 PDF
Ansci Module 1 PDF
I. INTRODUCTION
II. OBJECTIVE
General Objective
Module 1 aims to discuss the interrelationship of plants, animals and man, and their
roles in the ecological system. This will also help the students appreciate the
contributions of animals to agricultural development and the economy in general
Specific Objectives
10
III. OVERVIEW
With increased prosperity, people are consuming more meat and dairy products
every year. Global meat production is projected to more than double from 229 million
tons in 1999/2001 to 465 million tons in 2050, while milk output is set to climb from
580 to 1043 million tons.
The global livestock sector is growing faster than any other agricultural sub-
sector. It provides livelihoods to about 1.3 billion people and contributes about 40
percent to global agricultural output. But such rapid growth exacts a steep
environmental price. The livestock sector generates more greenhouse gas
emissions as measured in CO2 equivalent – 18 percent – than transport. It is also a
major source of land and water degradation.
When emissions from land use and land use change are included, the livestock
sector accounts for 9 percent of CO2 deriving from human-related activities, but
produces a much larger share of even more harmful greenhouse gases. It generates
65 percent of human-related nitrous oxide, which has 296 times the Global Warming
Potential (GWP) of CO2. Most of this comes from manure.
and it accounts for respectively 37 percent of all human-induced methane (23 times
as warming as CO2), which is largely produced by the digestive system of
ruminants, and 64 percent of ammonia, which contributes significantly to acid rain.
Livestock now use 30 percent of the earth’s entire land surface, mostly permanent
pasture but also including 33 percent of the global arable land used to producing
feed for livestock, the report notes. As forests are cleared to create new pastures, it
11
is a major driver of deforestation, especially in Latin America where, for example,
some 70 percent of former forests in the Amazon have been turned over to grazing.
The livestock business, however, is among the most damaging sectors to the
earth’s increasingly scarce water resources, contributing among other things to
water pollution, eutrophication and the degeneration of coral reefs. The major
polluting agents are animal wastes, antibiotics and hormones, chemicals from
tanneries, fertilizers and the pesticides used to spray feed crops. Widespread
overgrazing disturbs water cycles, reducing replenishment of above and below
ground water resources. Significant amounts of water are withdrawn for the
production of feed
(http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html).
12
proportion of cellulose resulting in faster growth of
animals than those grazing in hot humid areas
Global livestock production remains one of the most important components of the
agricultural sector, sustaining human life in a number of important ways. In addition
to providing a source of milk and meat, they provide work, as plow animals; fuel and
fertilizer, in the form of manure; a source of clothing, such as leather from dried skins
and wool from sheep; and as transportation, the domestication of horses and camels
have allowed humans to travel long distances. Livestock also contributes greatly to
the livelihoods of 70 percent of the rural poor.
(http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/219.html)
Animals can feed on and convert plants and other materials which would
have otherwise gone to waste, into rich human food
Good quality protein - eggs, beef, pork, chevon, lamb, poultry, milk,
source game meat
The population explosion together with a poor distribution of food is among the
world’s greatest problems today. In many highly populated, poorly developed
countries most children suffer from malnutrition in their early years. The food supply
in these overpopulated areas consists mostly of starchy grains, which supply enough
energy for life processes, but lack the protein necessary for growth and repair of
body tissues. High quality protein is necessary for proper growth and good health of
animals and man. It is the nutrient in shortest supply on a worldwide basis. Plant
proteins usually do not provide a good balance of amino acids. Animal proteins are
superior in this respect. Animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs still remain as
the major sources of high quality protein for humans.
14
Animal Product Per Capita Consumption ( kg)
Beef 2.03
Carabeef 1.41
Pork 14.87 (includes offal and processed meat)
Chevon 0.44
Poultry meat 8.64
Eggs 3.57
Duck eggs 0.51
Milk 30.00 (source mostly from imported milk and milk products)
With the world population increasing at the annual rate of about 75 million, and
considering that the nutritional level of a large percentage of the population is
presently below desired standards, the projected need for animal products presents
a tremendous challenge to all involved in activities related to their production.
Present trends in consumption of animal products will increase as the economic
conditions of the world’s people become more favorable.
Nowadays, the advent of computers and computer softwares has made animal
production more sophisticated and efficient. In conjunction with advances in
electronics, and other sciences and technologies, computerized feeding of dairy
cows, computerized feed formulation, computerized record keeping, computerized
matching of dairy cows with the right bull, and environmentally-controlled housing
are now commonly employed in large scale commercial farms.
Swine industry has remained leading among other livestock and poultry
industries in production and volume and value. As of January 2011, swine inventory
stood at 12.3 million head 8.17 % lower compared to last year’s inventory of 13.4
15
million head. About 69 % of the total inventory were from backyard farms while the
rest were from commercial farms.
Being the biggest and organized industry among the local livestock industry,
swine industry provides business and employment opportunities. It also provides
additional income to small hold swine raisers. Along with poultry industry, it also
trigger the development of allied industries i.e., veterinary drug, feed milling,
equipment manufacturing, and others.
The Philippine cattle inventory as of January 2011 was 2.52 million head. This
was 2.06 % lower than the last year’s record of 2.57 million. Inventory of cattle from
backyard farms decreased by 2.69 % while inventory from commercial raisers grew
by 6.90 %. Around 93 % of the total cattle inventory was raised in backyard farms
and only 7 % were raised in commercial farms.
As of January 2011, the total carabao inventory in the country ws 3.07 million
head. This was 5.99 % lower than last year’s level. The inventory in backyard farms
dropped by 6.12 % from last year’s record. About 99 % of the total carabao
population are raised in backyard farms.
The total dairy animal population was 33,442 head. This was 4.48 % higher thn
last year’s headcount. There was a significant increase in the number of dairy goat
this year which grew by about 12.91 % compared to last year’s record.
As of January 2011, the total goat inventory was 3.88 million head. It was 7.20
% lower than last year’s inventory. Of the total goat population, around 38 % were
female breeders or does, 9 % were male breeders or bucks, 32 % were kids, and 21
% were classified as castrated male and other for fattening. Ninety-nine (99)
percent of the total inventory of goat are raised in the backyard farms.
16
The Poultry Industry
Chicken is one of the most consumed commodity in the world and the local
markets. Locally, it is the largest among other livestock and poultry industry in terms
of population. As of January 2010, total chicken inventory was estimated at 158.93
million birds which is 17 % higher than last year’s population of 158.66 million birds.
Broiler inventory dropped by 8.36 % from last year’s 56.9 million, while layer
population posted an increase of 13.72 % from last year’s 25.2 million. Native
chicken inventory was higher by 2.05 % than last year’s 76.5 million. .
18
V. REFERENCES
CAMPBELL, J.R. and J.F. LASLEY. 1975. The Science of Animals that Serve
Mankind. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company
(http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html)
(http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/219.html)
19