March 12, 2023

In the Name of Allah the Compassionate, the merciful

FUNDAMENTALS OF VEHICLE TIRE MECHANICS,

DYNAMICS CORNERING FORCES &
PROPERTIES
M. Naraghi 2

Mechanical Engineering Dept

Amirkabir University of Technology

TRACTIVE/BRAKING SLIP ANGLE & CORNERING FORCE

3 4

TIRE DEFORMATION WALKING ANALOGY

Front view 5 6

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CORNERING FORCE MECHANISMS PNEUMATIC TRAIL t p

7 8

CORNERING FORCE V.S. SLIP ANGLE

SELF ALIGNING TORQUE

 l  Fy t p

9 10

FACTORS AFFECTING CORNERING FORCE EFFECT OF NORMAL LOAD

Load Effect

• Normal Load
• Lateral Load

Tire inflation Pressure

Tire Construction

Tread Pattern
11 Jazar 12

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EFFECT OF NORMAL LOAD EFFECT OF LATERAL LOAD TRANSFER

Wong 13 Wong 14

CORNERING STIFFNESS CORNERING COEFFICIENT

dFy
C 
d  0 Cornering Stiffness
fr 
Normal Load
Cornering Force for Small 

Fy  C 

Gillespie 15 16

EFFECT OF INFLATION PRESSURE EFFECT OF TIRE CONSTRUCTION

 Also effect of tire
construction is evident

Wong 17 Wong 18

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LAG OF CORNERING FORCE RELAXATION LENGTH

Gillespie 19 20

CAMBER TRUST CAMBER TRUST MECHANISM

21 22
Front View

CAMBER TRUST DIRECTION CAMBER TRUST- CAMBER ANGLE


Camber Stiffness

dFy
C 
d  0

Camber Force for

Small 

Fy  C 

Jazar
23 24

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FACTORS AFFECTING CAMBER TRUST NORMAL LOAD

Load Effect

Tire inflation Pressure

Tire Construction

Tread Pattern

25 26

TIRE CONSTRUCTION INFLATION PRESSURE

 0.25 𝑙𝑏/𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑝𝑠𝑖

27 28

TREAD DESIGN CAMBER TORQUE

 ↑ 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑  Camber Trust acts
↑ 𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 ahead of contact patch
center

 Camber Torque
 Much less than
Aligning torque

29 30

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EFFECT OF TRACTIVE/BRAKING EFFORTS ON

CAMBER FOR BICYCLES & MOTORCYCLES CORNERING CHA.

31 32

LATERAL FORCE COMBINED TRACTIVE AND BRAKING

Mechanism of Operation

Fy  Fy  Fy

Fy  C   C 

33 34

EFFECT OF LONG. FORCE ON CORNERING CHA. FRICTION CIRCLE THEORY

35 36

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CONSTRUCTION OF FRICTION CIRCLE

2 2
 F y   Fx 
    1
F  F 
 y 4   x max 

37 38