MTH166

Lecture-16

Method of Undeterminant Coeff.

Topic:

Solution of Non-Homogeneous LDE with Constant coefficients.

Learning Outcomes:

To use Method of Undeterminant coefficients to solve Non-Homogeneous LDE with

constant coefficients.
Problem 1. Find the general solution of: 4𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
4𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 4𝐷2 −1 𝑦= 𝑒 3𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 4𝐷2 − 1 and 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
1
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 4𝐷2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 =
4
1 1
⇒𝐷= ,− (real and unequal roots)
2 2
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
1 1
𝑥 − 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Since 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 , So, let trial solution be: 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑒 3𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 ′ = 3𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦𝑝 ′′ = 9𝑎𝑒 3𝑥
Since 𝑦𝑝 is a solution of equation (1)
So, 4𝑦𝑝 ′′ − 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 3𝑥
1
⇒ 4 9𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 ⇒ 35𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 ⇒ 35𝑎 = 1 ⇒𝑎=
35

1 3𝑥
∴ 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒
35

General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1 1
𝑥 − 𝑥 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 3𝑥 Answer.
35
Problem 2. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6 and 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥

To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷−2 𝐷+3 =0
⇒ 𝐷 = 2, −3 (real and unequal roots)
Let 𝑚1 = 2 and 𝑚2 = −3
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Since 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 , So, let trial solution be: 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 ′ = 𝑎 𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 1 = 2𝑎𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑒 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 ′′ = 2𝑎 𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 1 + 2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 = 4𝑎𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑒 2𝑥
Since 𝑦𝑝 is a solution of equation (1)
So, 𝑦𝑝 ′′ + 𝑦𝑝 ′ − 6𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 2𝑥
⇒ 4𝑎𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + (2𝑎𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 ) − 6(𝑎𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 ) = 𝑒 2𝑥
1 1
⇒ 5𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ⇒ 5𝑎 = 1 ⇒𝑎= ∴ 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
5 5

General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 Answer.
5
Problem 3. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 14𝑒 3𝑥
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 14𝑒 3𝑥 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 9 𝑦 = 14𝑒 3𝑥 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 9 and 𝑟 𝑥 = 14𝑒 3𝑥

To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷−3 𝐷−3 =0
⇒ 𝐷 = 3,3 (real and equal roots)
Let 𝑚1 = 3 and 𝑚2 = 3
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
𝑦𝑐 = (𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Since 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 , So, let trial solution be: 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 ′ = 𝑎 𝑥 2 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 2𝑥 = 3𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥𝑒 3𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 ′′ = 3𝑎 𝑥 2 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 2𝑥 + 2𝑎[𝑒 3𝑥 1 + 𝑥(3𝑒 3𝑥 )] = 9𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 12𝑎𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑒 3𝑥
Since 𝑦𝑝 is a solution of equation (1)
So, 𝑦𝑝 ′′ − 6𝑦𝑝 ′ + 9𝑦𝑝 = 14𝑒 3𝑥
⇒ 9𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 12𝑎𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 − 6 3𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 + 9(𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 ) = 14𝑒 3𝑥
⇒ 2𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 = 14𝑒 3𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑎 = 14 ⇒𝑎=7 ∴ 𝑦𝑝 = 7𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥
General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.
i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 + 7𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 Answer.
 Polling Quiz

For 𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 , the assumed trial solution will be:

(A) 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑒 3𝑥

(B) 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥𝑒 3𝑥

(C) 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥
Problem 1. Find the general solution of: 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 10𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1
Solution: The given equation is:
𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 10𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 (1)
𝑑
S.F. : 𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 10 𝑦 = 𝑥2 +1 where 𝐷 ≡
𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 𝐷 𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝐷 = 𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 10 and 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1

To find Complimentary Function (C.F.):
A.E. : 𝑓 𝐷 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 10 = 0 ⇒ (𝐷 − 5)(𝐷 + 2) = 0
⇒ 𝐷 = 5, −2 (real and unequal roots)
∴ Complimentary function is given by:
⇒ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥
To find Particular Integral (P.I.):
Since 𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1, So, let trial solution be: 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑦𝑝 ′′ = 2𝑎
Since 𝑦𝑝 is a solution of equation (1)
So, 𝑦𝑝 ′′ − 3𝑦𝑝 ′ − 10𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 2 + 1
⇒ 2𝑎 − 3 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 − 10(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) = 𝑥 2 + 1
⇒ −10𝑎𝑥 2 − 6𝑎 + 10𝑏 𝑥 + 2𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 10𝑐 = 𝑥 2 + 1
Comparing the like coefficients:
1
Coeff. of 𝑥 2 : −10𝑎 = 1 ⇒𝑎=
10

6
Coeff. of 𝑥 : − 6𝑎 + 10𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 10𝑏 = −6𝑎 ⇒𝑏= −
100
Constant terms: 2𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 10𝑐 = 1 ⇒ 10𝑐 = 2𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 1
1 1 1 −6 62
⇒𝑐= 2𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 1 = 2 −3 −1 = −
10 10 10 100 1000

Putting back values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 in 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

1 2 6 62
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 −
10 100 1000

General solution is given by: 𝑦 = C.F. +P.I.

i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1 2 6 62
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 − Answer.
10 100 1000
 Polling Quiz

For 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ − 10𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1, the assumed trial solution will be:

(A) 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

(B) 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 3

(C) Both A and B

(D) None of these.