ENGR 2000 Fluid Mechanics Week 2

Chapter 2: Hydrostatics

Dr Tan Inn Shi

Innshi.tan@curtin.edu.au
tan.s@curtin.edu.my

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Program calendar (Part A)
Week Date Chapter Lecturer
27/2/2023 1; Introduction, flow fields (steady/unsteady flow,
streamlines), velocity profile, Newton's law of
1 viscosity, Reynolds number
Week 1 Tutorial 1 (No tutorial) *in class discussion
6/3/2023 2; Hydrostatics, Buoyancy forces
2
Week 2 Tutorial 1
13/3/2023 3; control-volume analysis - mass conservation
3 Momentum equation Dr Tan Inn Shi
Week 3 Tutorial 2
20/3/2023 3; Momentum equation
4
Week 3 Tutorial 3
27/3/2023 4-5; Bernoulli equation
Applications of mass conservation, momentum
5 equation and Bernoulli equation
Week 5 Tutorials 4-5
6 3/4/2023 Midterm test
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Chapter Two
Hydrostatics
Chapter 2: Hydrostatics
 Hydrostatic pressure

 Application of hydrostatic pressure in manometers

 Hydrostatic forces on structures (vertical / inclined & curved)     

 Buoyancy forces (Flotation / Stability / ships / hot-air balloons)     

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 2.0 Introduction
What does Hydrostatics mean?

This chapter is concerned with the effect of fluids when flow is absent!
 What does Hydrostatics mean?

Hydrostatics
Water* forces balanced ∑ 𝐹𝐹 = 0

*However, many of the principles also apply to gases.

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What does Hydrostatics mean?

• No flow
• Forced balanced– no acceleration, ∑ 𝐹𝐹 = 0
• Gravitational forces on the bulk of fluids that create the pressure in the fluid
• APPLICATIONS
– Design structure–e.g. DAM
– Float in a fluid medium–e.g. ships

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Gordon Dam, Tasmania, Australia
2.1 Hydrostatics
pressure
What is Hydrostatic Pressure ?
 What is Hydrostatic Pressure ?
 The pressure that is generated by the weight of liquid above a
measurement point, when the liquid is at rest.
 The height of a liquid column, of uniform density, is directly
proportional to the hydrostatic pressure.

Fw=weight of
the fluid

Figure 2.1: (a) Thin plate in a fluid, (b) Free-body diagram for the plate
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Hydrostatic pressure, p

• Weight of the fluid, Fw:

𝑭𝑭𝒘𝒘 = 𝒎𝒎⋅𝒈𝒈
= density x volume of fluid above x g
= ρ (A⋅h) g

• Hydrostatic force, Fh:

𝑭𝑭𝒉𝒉 = 𝒑𝒑⋅A

• Force balance:
𝑭𝑭𝒉𝒉 = 𝑭𝑭𝒘𝒘
𝒑𝒑⋅A = ρ (A⋅h) g
𝒑𝒑 = ρgh
𝒑𝒑 = ρgy Any depth
Hydrostatic pressure, p in N/m2 or Pa (Pascals)
Hydrostatic pressure: Pressure fields

• Pressure field:

𝒑𝒑 =𝝆𝝆gy

The pressure lines are

horizontal because there is no
variation with the horizontal
coordinate, x, in the pressure
formula.

𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒂𝒃𝒃𝒔𝒔=𝝆𝝆gy+ 𝒑𝒑𝑨𝑨

𝒑𝒑𝒈𝒈𝒂𝒂𝒖𝒖𝒈𝒈𝒆𝒆=𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒂𝒃𝒃𝒔𝒔–𝒑𝒑𝑨𝑨= 𝝆𝝆gy

Figure 2.2: The pressure field in an

interconnected body of static fluid.

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 Measurement of pressure

 Absolute pressure

Atmospheric pressure

Gauge pressure

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 (width = 1)
Pressure acts on a fluid element

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 Analysis
• Balance forces vertically

• Balance forces horizontally

Therefore,
What we learn?

• The pressure p acts on all side of a surface and its direction is perpendicular to
that surface.

• This also applies to any boundaries of the fluid

– The example below: also experience horizontal forces (pushing outwards)

• The pressure is the same at all points on a given horizontal plane in a fluid.

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Chapter 2: Hydrostatics
 Hydrostatic pressure

 Application of hydrostatic pressure in manometers

 Hydrostatic forces on structures (vertical / inclined & curved)     

 Buoyancy forces (Flotation / Stability / ships / hot-air balloons)     

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 Application of hydrostatic pressure (Manometers)
• Manometers: To measure the pressure of a gas, pg.

1.At point A, the gas pressure exactly balances

the pressure in the manometer fluid, p, because
the interface is in equilibrium.

2.Point B in the fluid is at the same vertical

location as A. Thus, at B, the fluid pressure is
also p = pg.

3.At point C, the fluid pressure is atmospheric,

pA, because of the interface with the surrounding
air.

• Therefore:

(𝒑𝒑𝒈𝒈 )𝒂𝒂𝒃𝒃𝒔𝒔 = ρgh + 𝒑𝒑𝑨𝑨

(𝒑𝒑𝒈𝒈 )𝒈𝒈𝒂𝒂𝒖𝒖𝒈𝒈𝒆𝒆 = (𝒑𝒑𝒈𝒈)𝒂𝒂𝒃𝒃𝒔𝒔 − 𝒑𝒑𝑨𝑨 = ρgh

• Pressure difference between two different containers of gas:

∆p = 𝒑𝒑𝒈𝒈 − 𝒑𝒑𝟐𝟐 = ρgh

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Exampleof1hydrostatic pressure (Manometers)
Application

𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ?

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Exampleof2hydrostatic pressure (Manometers)
Application

𝜌𝜌3
𝜌𝜌1
𝜌𝜌2

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Chapter 2: Hydrostatics
 Hydrostatic pressure

 Application of hydrostatic pressure in manometers

 Hydrostatic forces on structures (vertical / inclined & curved)     

 Buoyancy forces (Flotation / Stability / ships / hot-air balloons)     

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2.3 Hydrostatic
Forces on Structures
2.3 Hydrostatic Forces on Structures
2.3 Hydrostatic Forces on Structures

 Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane surfaces

Vertical plane
Inclined plane
 Hydrostatic forces on submerged curved surfaces

How is Hydrostatic Force on the vertical or inclined planes determined?

How is Hydrostatic Force on the curved surfaces determined?

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 Hydrostatic Forces (on a vertical plate)     

Figure 2.5: Example of hydrostatic forces and moments acting on a sluice gate,
(a) Showing the pressure field that acts on the gate,
(b) Equivalent forces and moments acting on the gate as a free-body.
(The whole structure has width b=1, so all forces and moments that we calculate
are values per unit width)
• What is the force applied to the gate, Fw?
• What is the moment generated by this force, MA?
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 Hydrostatic Forces (on a vertical plate)     

 FORCE, Fw
– No uniform – depending on elevation (depth or y).
– An integration to account for variation along the gate.

i) Element force:
ii) Total force: 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴
1
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 (𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴2 )
2
1
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 × 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴
2

Fw = pressure at gate mid - point × Gate area (L × 1)

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Fw = pressure at gate mid - point × Gate area (L × 1)

Gate mid-point=CG (centroid)

Fw = pressure at gate mid - point × Gate area (L × 1)

Fw = ρgyCG × Gate area

1
Fw = ρg ( h) × Gate area
2
• MOMENT (About A), MA

𝛿𝛿𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 × 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴

𝛿𝛿𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 × (y − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 )
𝛿𝛿𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 × (y − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 )
𝛿𝛿𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌(𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 )𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
The total moment is therefore:
𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌(𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴
1
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = ρ𝑔𝑔(2𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵3 − 3𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵2 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 + 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴3 )
6
• Centre of pressure

– Is the point at which the force, F acts on the gate such that it generates
an equivalent moment on the plate as the varying pressure fields.
– Centre of pressure:
Centre of pressure for triangle

M A = yCP × F

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Example 3

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 Example

(i) By force balance:

FW
FO

Rx

Ry
h1=2.5m
h2= 2.0m

34
 (i) The moment about A:

M A = yCP × F
Fw=31250 N
Fo=18000 N
Homework #1 PY2016

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Homework #2 PY2019

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Checklist #1 for Week 2:

□Example 1
□Example 2
□Example 3
□Homework #1 *Solution refer to PY2016
□Homework #2 *Solution refer to PY2019

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Hydrostatic Forces (on an inclined plate)     

 What is the force applied to the gate, F?

 Horizontal & vertical components of the force?

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Hydrostatic Forces (on an inclined plate)     

What is the force applied to the gate, F?

i) Element force: 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 sin 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
ii) Total force:𝐹𝐹 = �𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 sin 𝜃𝜃
1 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝐹𝐹 = (𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴2 )
2 sin 𝜃𝜃

Horizontal & vertical components of the force?

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Horizontal & vertical components of the
force?

Total force

1 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝐹𝐹 = (𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴2 )
2 sin 𝜃𝜃

1 FH is equivalent to the pressure force FH = ρgyCG × Gate area

𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻 = ρ𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴2 )  on a vertical plane corresponding to
2 the horizontal projection of the
1
FH = ρg ( h) × Gate area
structure’s surface. 2

Weight of the fluid, Fv:

1 (𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴2 ) FV is equivalent to the weight of the 𝑭𝑭v = 𝒎𝒎⋅𝒈𝒈
𝐹𝐹𝑣𝑣 = ρ𝑔𝑔 
liquid directly above the surface.
2 tan 𝜃𝜃
= density x volume of
fluid above x g
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 Hydrostatic Forces (on a vertical plate)     

 FORCE, Fw
– No uniform – depending on elevation (depth or y).
– An integration to account for variation along the gate.

i) Element force:
ii) Total force: 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴
1
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 (𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴2 )
2
1
𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴 × 𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵 − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴
2

Fw = pressure at gate mid - point × Gate area (L × 1)

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• What does the vertical force mean?
– Factorization yields:

1 (𝑦𝑦𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑦𝑦𝐴𝐴2 )
𝐹𝐹𝑣𝑣 = ρ𝑔𝑔
2 tan 𝜃𝜃

Per unit width= volume = area x 1

𝑭𝑭v = ρ g V

Equivalent to the weight of the liquid directly above the surface.

Hydrostatic Forces (on an inclined plate)     

For example,

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Example 4

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Homework #3 PY2017 FE

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Homework #4 PY2018

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Hydrostatic Forces (on a curved structure)
FH = ρgyCG × Gate area
1
FH = ρg ( h) × Gate area
2

•To find the force applied to a

curved structure, the integration
method is algebraically
complicated.

= +
•The simpler approach to this
case is to evaluate FH and FV
separately, and then combine them
to calculate the overall force.
𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
V= 4 width

Weight of the fluid, Fv:

𝑭𝑭v = 𝒎𝒎⋅𝒈𝒈
= density x volume of
fluid above x g
4
=ρgV 8

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 In Summary

• Any structure experiences a hydrostatic force with two components

– HORIZONTAL FORCE, FH, which is equivalent to the pressure force on

a vertical plane corresponding to the horizontal projection of the
structure surface

– VERTICAL FORCE, FV, which is equivalent to the weight of the liquid

directly above the surface
Example 5 (Tutorial 2, Question 3)

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Homework #5 PY2017 Q2

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Chapter 2: Hydrostatics

 Hydrostatic pressure

 Application of hydrostatic pressure in manometers

 Hydrostatic forces on structures (vertical / inclined & curved)     

 Buoyancy forces (Flotation / Stability / ships / hot-air balloons)     

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2.4 Buoyancy Forces
Archimedes First Law
• An object immersed in a fluid experiences an upthrust (upward-
directed force) equal to the weight of the water displaced by the volume
of the object.

Archimedes
(BC 287 – BC 212)
 Archimedes First Law

An object immersed in a fluid experiences an upthrust (upward- directed

force) equal to the weight of the water displaced by the volume of the object.
 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Here a 5-kg object immersed in water is shown being acted upon by a buoyant
(upward) force of 2 kg, which is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the
immersed object.
The upward- directed force reduces the object's apparent weight by 2 kg—that
is, from 5 kg to 3 kg.
What is buoyant force?
• When a body is immersed in fluid, an upward force (upthrust) is exerted by
the fluid on the body.
• This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body
and is called the force of buoyancy.

𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

What causes buoyant force?
• Buoyant force is the upward (upthrust) force on an object exerted by the
surrounding fluid.
• When an object pushes water, the water pushes back with as much force as it
can.
• If the water can push back as hard, the object floats (duck or boat). If not, it
sinks (steel).
Keep It Simple
• Buoyancy= “the floating force”
• Water is “heavier” than the object…so the object floats
• Low density-more likely to float
• Buoyant force is measured in Newtons (N)

𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

 Buoyant force (Neutrally buoyant of an immersed
structure)
• The net upward force, FB is the buoyancy
𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 FB 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 force.
H
B • FB is generated by the pressure difference
A
between its upper (AB) and lower (DC)
surface:
h CG
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 − 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
L 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝐻𝐻 + ℎ 𝐿𝐿 − 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔ℎ𝐿𝐿
C D
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 × 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌(𝐻𝐻 + ℎ) 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Width= 1
Buoyant force (Neutrally buoyant of an immersed
structure)
• The net upward force, FB is the buoyancy
FB 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 force.
H
B • FB is generated by the pressure difference
A
between its upper (AB) and lower (DC)
surface:
h CG
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐴𝐴𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 − 𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
L 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝐻𝐻 + ℎ 𝐿𝐿 − 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔ℎ𝐿𝐿
C D
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝝆𝝆𝒇𝒇 𝑔𝑔 × 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
FG
• The downward gravitational force on the
body is clearly mg.
• If the body has uniform density, 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 , then
this force can be written as:
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔 (ℎ𝐿𝐿)
Three conditions

FB 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 • FG > FB, the object will sink. This

H happens when ρs > ρf
A B

h CG • FG < FB, the object will float (move

L upwards). This happens when ρs< ρf
C D

• Neutral Buoyant occurs when FG = FB

FG

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Stability of an Immersed Body

• Stability of an immersed structure:

- FB acts through the centroid (center of geometry,

point B).
- Fg acts through the center of mass (point G).

Point B: Centroid of the area, abcd (Centre of Buoyancy)

Definition:-
The point through which the force of buoyancy is supposed to act is
known as Centre of Buoyancy.
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Flotation and stability (Flotation of a vessel)

 Buoyancy Force (Flotation of a vessel)     

• For a floating structure, FB = FG (Force Balance).

• FB is the weight of fluid displaced = ρhLbg = ρVg .

• FG is the weight of the structure (mg).

𝒎𝒎
• Therefore, 𝒉𝒉 =
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆

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Example 6

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 FB

Given:
Length=20m
𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 Mload=240000kg
h=?

FG
  Buoyancy Force (Stability of a vessel)     

• If the barge is rolled by a side wave, it rotates

• Point B: Centroid of the area, abcd
(center of buoyancy).
• Point G: Center of mass of the barge.
about G (Figure b).
• We can see that the forces create a moment that
serves to restore the barge to its original position
(Figure b).

(a) FB (b)
M
a G b
𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓
B FB
c d
a' G b'

FG B’ d'

c' ∆𝜃𝜃
FG
moment
 How can we assess the stability?
By locating the metacentre, M.
(how are we going to locate it?)

(b) • This point is found by drawing a

M perpendicular through B’ upwards.
• Its intersection with the line of symmetry
through G is the metacentre.
FB

a' G b'

B’ d'

c' ∆𝜃𝜃
FG
moment
Stable condition – Metacentre above G

(b)
M
• If the metacentre (M)
is above the center of
gravity of the barge
FB (G), then the vessel is
stable.
a' G b'

B’ d'

c' ∆𝜃𝜃
FG
moment
 Unstable condition – Metacentre below G

• If the metacentre (M) is below the center of gravity of the barge (G),
then the vessel is unstable.
Keep It Simple
Stability of Floating Body
a) Stable Equilibrium:-If the point M is above G.
b) Unstable Equilibrium:-If the point M is Below G.
Homework #6 PY2018Q2

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Homework #7 PY2019 FE QA1

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Checklist #2 for Week 2:

□Example 4
□Example 5 (Tutorial 2, Question 3)
□Example 6
□Homework #3 *Solution refer to PY2017
□Homework #4 *Solution refer to PY2018
□Homework #5 *Solution refer to PY2017Q2
□Homework #6 *Solution refer to PY2018Q2
□Homework #7 *Solution refer to PY2019FE
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