EE 213: Electrical Instrumentation

& measurement
(2 Credit Hours)
Conversion Resolution
The conversion resolution is a function of the reference
voltage and the number of bits in the digital signal.

The more bits, the smaller the change in analog output for a 1-
bit change in binary word, and hence the better the
resolution.
The smallest possible change is simply given by
Assignment 4 (part b) 02 May 2023

Study, Draw and Explain the working of DAC Methods

• Weighted Resistor Method

• R-2R Ladder Method
Analog-to-Digital Converters
With the growing use of digital logic and computers in process control,
it is necessary to employ an ADC to provide a digitally encoded signal
for the computer.

The transfer function of the ADC can be expressed in a similar way to

that of the DAC
In this case, however, the interpretation is reversed.

The ADC will find a fractional binary number that gives the closest
approximation to the fraction formed by the input voltage and
reference.
We use an inequality in this equation because the fraction on the right
can change continuously over all values,

but the fraction derived from the binary number on the left can change
only in fixed increments of ∆N = 2−𝑛

Therefore, there is an inherent uncertainty in the input voltage producing

a given ADC output, and that uncertainty is given by