 Both data about the physical world and control

signals sent to interact with the physical world are

typically "analog" or continuously varying
quantities.
  Analog output is typical of most transducers
and sensors.
 Need to convert these analog signals into a
digital representation so the microcontroller can
use it.
 Some characteristics of analog signals.
 Maximum and minimum voltages
 Precise continuous signals
 Rate of voltage change
 Frequency if not a steady state signal

12/9/2019 ECE265 5
 Representing a continuously varying
physical quantity by a sequence of discrete
numerical values.

03 07 10 14 09 02 00 04

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 Ramp ADC
 Successive Approximation
 Flash Comparison

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 The basic principle of operation is to use the
comparator principle to determine whether
or not to turn on a particular bit of the binary
number output.
 It is typical for an ADC to use a digital-to-
analog converter (DAC) to determine one of
the inputs to the comparator.
 Most A-D converters use a comparator as part of
the conversion process
 A comparator compares 2 signals A and B
▪ if A > B the comparator output is in one logic state (1,
say)
▪ if B > A then it is in the opposite state (0, say)
 A comparator can be built using an op amp with
no feedback
analogue +
input

reference -
voltage
 3 Basic Types
 Digital-Ramp ADC
 Successive Approximation ADC
 Flash ADC
 Conversion from analog to digital form
inherently involves comparator action
where the value of the analog voltage at
some point in time is compared with some
standard.
 A common way to do that is to apply the
analog voltage to one terminal of a
comparator and trigger a binary counter
which drives a DAC.
PNJ 10/28/2004 Telekomunikasi 2 12
 The output of the DAC is applied to the
other terminal of the comparator.
 Since the output of the DAC is increasing
with the counter, it will trigger the
comparator at some point when its voltage
exceeds the analog input.
 The transition of the comparator stops the
binary counter, which at that point holds the
digital value corresponding to the analog
voltage.
 Conversion from analog to digital form
inherently involves comparator action
where the value of the analog voltage at
some point in time is compared with some
standard.
 A common way to do that is to apply the
analog voltage to one terminal of a
comparator and trigger a binary counter
which drives a DAC.
PNJ 10/28/2004 Telekomunikasi 2 15
 Much faster than the
digital ramp ADC
because it uses digital
logic to converge on
the value closest to
the input voltage.
 A comparator and a
DAC are used in the
process.
 If N is the number of bits in the
output word….
Then 2N comparators will be
required.

PNJ 10/28/2004 Telekomunikasi 2 17

  It is the fastest type of ADC available,
but requires a comparator for each
value of output.
(63 for 6-bit, 255 for 8-bit, etc.)
 Such ADCs are available in IC form up
to 8-bit and 10-bit flash ADCs (1023
comparators) are planned.
 The encoder logic executes a truth
table to convert the ladder of inputs to
the binary number output.

Illustrated is a 3-bit flash ADC with resolution 1 volt

 The resistor net and comparators provide an
input to the combinational logic circuit, so
the conversion time is just the propagation
delay through the network - it is not limited
by the clock rate or some convergence
sequence.
 Misalkan bilangan biner dengan n bit
digunakan untuk mewakili nilai analog mulai
dari 0 ke A
 There are 2n possible numbers
 Resolution = A / 2n
 FS = (2n-1) step size

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 Temperature range of 0 K to 300 K to be
linearly converted to a voltage signal of 0 to
2.5 V, then digitized with an 8-bit A/D
converter

 2.5 / 28 = 0.0098 V, or about 10 mV per step

 300 K / 28 = 1.2 K per step

PNJ 10/28/2004 Telekomunikasi 2 21

 Temperature range of 0 K to 300 K to be
linearly converted to a voltage signal of 0 to
2.5 V, then digitized with a 10-bit A/D
converter
 2.5 / 210 = 0.00244V, or about 2.4 mV per step
 300 K / 210 = 0.29 K per step

PNJ 10/28/2004 Telekomunikasi 2 22

 Setiap konversi memiliki ketidakpastian rata-rata
setengah ukuran langkah ½ (A / 2N)

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 Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memperoleh sampel
dari sinyal analog dan menentukan representasi
numerik.

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