UTILIZATION OF

ELECTRICAL ENERGY
B AVINASH,
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
• UNIT - I Electrical Heating: Advantages and methods of electric
heating, resistance heating, induction heating and dielectric heating.
• UNIT - II Electric Welding: Electric welding equipment, resistance
welding and arc welding, comparison between AC and DC welding.
Electrolysis process: principle of electrolysis, electroplating, metal
extraction and metal processing, electromagnetic stirs.
• UNIT - III Illumination: Terminology, Laws of illumination, coefficient
of Utilization and depreciation, Polar curves, Photometry, integrating
sphere, sources of light, fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent
lamps, LED lamps discharge lamps, mercury vapor lamps, sodium
vapor lamps and neon lamps, comparison between tungsten filament
lamps and fluorescent tubes. Basic principles of light control, Types
and design of lighting scheme, lighting calculations, factory lighting,
street lighting and flood lighting.
• UNIT - IV Electric Traction: Systems of electric traction and track
electrification- DC system, single phase and 3-phase low frequency
and high frequency system, composite system, kando system,
comparison between AC and DC systems, problems of single-phase
traction with current unbalance and voltage unbalance. Mechanics of
traction movement, speed – time curves for different services,
trapezoidal and quadrilateral speed – time curves, tractive effort,
power, specific energy consumption, effect of varying acceleration
and braking, retardation, adhesive weight and braking retardation,
coefficient of adhesion.
• UNIT - V Systems of Train Lighting: special requirements of train
lighting, methods of obtaining unidirectional polarity constant output-
single battery system, Double battery parallel block system, coach
wiring, lighting by making use of 25KV AC supply.
 UNIT - I

Electrical Heating: Advantages and methods of

electric heating, resistance heating, induction
heating and dielectric heating.
H. Partab: Art & Science of Utilization of Electric Energy, Dhanpat
Rai & Sons, 1998. 2. N.V.

Suryanarayana: Utilization of Electrical power including Electric

drives and Electric Traction, New Age Publishers, 1997.

E. Openshaw Taylor: Utilization of Electric Energy, Orient Longman,

2010

C. L. Wadhwa : Generation, Distribution and Utilization of Electrical

Energy (Third edition).

Pre-requisites: BEEE.
Difference between Electrical Heating and
Electric Welding :

• Electrical heating is a process in which electrical energy is converted

to heat energy. Works Principle on Joule Heating.

• Electric Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal or non

metal by applying heat or/and pressure.
 Advantages of Electrical Heating

• Cleanliness
• Better working conditions
• High Efficiency • Less floor area is required

• No Pollution • No carrying expenses

• Low attention and maintenance cost

• Localized Heating.
• Economical
• Ease of Control
• Safety
• Uniform Heating
Advantages of Electrical Heating :
1. Electrical heating processes are clean due to absence of smokes, ash,
dust etc.
2. As fuel gases are absent in the heating processes, there is no risk of any
pollution.
3. Electrical heating equipment is more safe as electrical tripping devices
act reliably and instantaneously upon abnormal conditions.
4. Electrical heaters usually require very little attention and maintenance.
5. Very high temperatures can be obtained.
6. Time required to attain these temperatures is less.
7. Fuel need not be stored.
8. Energy spent can be metered and measured.
 Modes of Heat Transfer

The heat is transferred from a hot body are

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
 Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction

• The heat transferred depends on the difference between the temperature of the two
points

• The heat transfer by conduction takes place in solids, liquids and gases

• In solids, heat is transferred from one molecule to adjacent molecule and so on

• There is no actual motion of molecules

Modes of Heat Transfer
Convection
• Heat is transferred from One point to the other point due to

motion of molecules .

• Heat dissipation: H = 3.875 (T1-T2)1.25 w/m2

• T1 = Temperature of the heating surface

• T2 = Temperature of the Air

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Radiation
• The heat transfer is confined to surfaces

• The radiant energy is emitted and absorbed by different

surfaces.

• Heat dissipation: H=5.72Ke [(T1/100)4 – (T2/100)4] w/m2

T1 = Temperature of source.

T2 = Temperature of absorbing surface

Modes of Heat Transfer
where e = emissivity

= 1 for black body

= 0.9 for resistance heating element

k= radiating efficiency or a constant

=1 for single element

= 0.5 to 0.8 for several elements placed side by side

Requirements of Good Heating Material

The material used for heating element should posses the

following properties
• High specific resistance (Ohm-meter)

• Low temperature coefficient of resistance

• Free from Oxidation

• High melting point

• Non corrosive

• Ductile

• High mechanical strength

• Economical
 Materials for Heating Elements

The materials normally used as heating elements are

• Nickel-chromium

• Nickel-chromium iron

• Nickel-chromium aluminum and

• Nickel-copper
 Properties of Heating Elements

TYPE OF COMPOSITION COMMERCIAL SPECIFIC RESISTANCE AT SPECIFIC MAXIMUM

SI.N ALLOY NAME 200C GRAVITY TEMPERATUR
O E

1 Nickel-chromium 80% Ni Nichrome 1.03 μΩ-m 8.35 11500C

20% Cr.

2 Nickel- 60% Ni - 1.06 μΩ-m 8.27 9500C

chromium Iron 16% Cr.
24% Fe

3 Iron chromium 65-75% Fe 1150 to

Kanthal 1.4 μΩ-m 7.2 13500C
Aluminum 20-30% Cr.
5% Al.

4 Nickel- Copper 45% Ni Eureka

55% Cr. 0.49 μΩ-m 8.88 4000C
 METHODS OF ELECTRICAL HEATING

Power Frequency Heating High Frequency Heating

1. Resistance Heating. 1. Induction Heating.
Direct Resistance Heating. Direct Core type.
Indirect Resistance Heating.
Coreless type.
2. Arc Heating.
2. Dielectric Heating.
Direct Arc Heating.
Indirect Arc Heating.
 Resistance Heating
• When current passes through a resistance ,Power loss takes
place there in ,which appears in the form of heat

• Electrical energy converted into heat energy

H = I2Rt
Power loss = I2R watts
= VI Watts
= V2/R watt
Resistance Heating

Where R=Resistance of the element (Ω)

V=Voltage (Volt)
I=Current (ampere)

• The loss of energy takes place only in transferring

heat from element to charge or load
Types of Resistance Heating

The resistance heating is further classified

into three types

• Direct resistance heating.

• Indirect resistance heating.

Direct Resistance Heating
A.C.or D.C

Negative Electrode

High resistance powder

furnace

charge
Direct Resistance Heating

• Fig. shows direct resistance heating A.C.or D.C

• In this method of heating, current is

passed through the material or charge
to be heated High resistance powder

• Charge is considered in a furnace and furnace

two electrodes or three electrodes for charge

3phase are immersed in the charge

Direct Resistance Heating

• The resistance offered by the charge A.C.or D.C

to the flow of current causes power

loss I2R and it results in the heating of
the charge
High resistance powder

furnace

• The charge may be in the form of solid charge

pieces, powder or liquid

Direct Resistance Heating

• When solid pieces are to be heated a A.C.or D.C

powder of high resistivity material is

sprinkled over surface of charge

• This is to avoid pinch effect High resistance powder

• The current passes through the charge furnace

and heat is produced charge

 Applications

This method of heating is used in

• Resistance welding

• The electrode boiler for heating water

Indirect Resistance Heating

A.C or D.C

Chamber

Heating element

Charge

Furnace
Indirect Resistance Heating

• Fig. shows indirect resistance heating A.C or D.C

• In this method of heating, current is Chamber

Heating element
passed through a high resistance wire
Charge
known as heating element
Furnace
• The heating element can be placed
above or below the furnace/charge
Indirect Resistance Heating

• Charge will enclose the heating A.C or D.C

element for efficient heat transfer Chamber

Heating element

Charge
• The heat produced in the element is
Furnace
transferred to the charge by radiation
or convection methods
 Application

This method of heating is used in

• Room heaters

• Bimetallic strip used in starters

• Water heater

• Ovens
 INDUCTION HEATING
Principle

Principle of induction heating is same as that of a

transformer (electromagnetic induction).

Disc (finite diameter and thickness value spaced

a given distance from the coil ) of metal surrounded
by a copper coil in which an alternating current is
flowing.

• Current flows on the outer surface of the metal.

• Heat transferred at an extremely rapid rate.

• Heat transferred without any physical contact.

• Surface would attain extremely higher temperature.

Characteristics of Induction Heating

• High Coil Current.

• Larger number of coil turns.

• High frequency supply.

• Close spacing between the coil and work.

• Disc may be of magnetic material.

• Higher electrical resistivity of the disc.

 Cont…

Charge to be heated is non-magnetic, heat generated is due to eddy current losses.

Charge to be heated is magnetic, heat generated is due to hysteresis and eddy current
losses.

Hysteresis loss is proportion to frequency where as eddy loss is proportion to square of

the frequency.

At high frequency the heating due to hysteresis becomes very small as compared
to eddy currents.
Depth of penetration of induced current into the disc
 Types of Induction Furnace

i. Core type or low frequency Induction furnace.

Core type.

The Ajax-Waytt Furnace.

Coreless Induction Furnace.

ii. Coreless type or high frequency induction furnace.

 Core type Furnace
The furnace consists of a circular hearth in the
form of trough which contains charge to be melt.

Magnetically inter-linked with an electrical

winding (a.c. source).

Magnetically coupled is very poor (low power

factor).

Operated at low frequency (10 Hz)

Pinch effect (current density > 500 A/sq. cm.)

Necessity of charging the furnace with molten

metal when starting up.
 The Ajax-Wyatt Furnace
Also know as vertical core type furnace.

Since it is vertical tendence of current interrupt in secondary

ckt due to pinch effect is avoided due to weight of the charge
in the main body.

The circulation of the molten metal is kept up round the Vee

portion.

To maintain continuity of secondary circuit Vee must be kept

full of charge.

Power factor is around 0.8 to 0.833 (operated at power

frequency)

Melting and refining brass and other non-ferrous metals.

Sources of high frequency for Induction heating

i) Motor-Generator set.

ii) The Spark gap converter set.

iii) The vacuum tube oscillator.

 Sources of high frequency for Induction heating
ii) The Spark gap converter set

Alternate charging and discharging of capacitor.

Spark gap acts as valve which periodically connects capacitor to charging source.
 Sources of high frequency for Induction heating
iii) Vacuum tube oscillator (electronic heater)

Produce large power output at higher frequency (600 KHz)

50 Hz -> DC -> high frequency currents