ELECTRIC HEATING

 What is the necessity of heat in our lives?

 What is meant by electric heating?

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

On completion of this topic you would be able to know

 Electric Heating

 Advantages of Electrical Heating

 Requirements of Good Heating Element

 Materials for Heating Element

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INTRODUCTION

 Heat plays an important role in everyday life

 Heat or fire and wheel are the basis for human civilization

 Without fire and wheel, man wheel go back to stone age

 Man used fire to cook food

 In present days heat is used to extract the metals from the ores
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 Heat and electricity are interchangeable

 Heat can be produced by passing the current through a conductor

 This method is superior compared to other methods

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 When current is passed through a conductor, the conductor
becomes hot. (Resistance heating)

 When a magnetic material is brought in the vicinity of an

alternating magnetic field, heat is produced in the magnetic
material. (Induction heating)

 When an electrically insulating material is subjected to

electrical stress, it too experiences temperature rise.
(Dielectric heating)
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ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC HEATING

 Cleanliness

 High Efficiency

 No Pollution

 Localized Heating.

 Ease of Control

 Uniform Heating

contd…
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ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC HEATING

 Better working conditions

 Less floor area is required

 No carrying expenses

 Low attention and maintenance cost

 Economical

 Safety
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APPLICATIONS OF HEATING

Domestic Purposes Industrial Purposes

 Hot Plates for cooking  Melting of metals

 Room Heaters  Heat treatment process
 Immersion heaters for water heating  Moulding of glass
 Electric Iron  Baking of Insulators
 Electric Toasters  Enamelling of copper wires
 Electric Ovens  Welding Etc.,
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MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

The modes in which heat can be transferred from a hot body are

 Conduction

 Convection

 Radiation
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MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTION:
Conduction is transfer of heat from one part of substance to another part of the
same substance (or) from one substance to another in physical contact with it,
without appreciable displacement of molecules forming the substance.
Conduction in Solids:
(i) Lattice Vibration
(ii) By Transport of Free Electronics
Conduction in Gases:
The Kinetic energy of molecule is a function of temperature. These Molecules
are in a continuous random motion exchanging energy and momentum.
Conduction in Liquids:
Mechanism is nearer to gases, but molecules are closely spaced and
intermolecular forces come into effect.
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CONVECTION:

Heat is transferred from one point to the other point due to motion of molecules .

Heat dissipation: H = 3.875 (T1-T2)1.25 w/m2

T1 = Temperature of the heating surface (0K)

T2 = Temperature of the Air (0K)

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RADIATION:

The heat transfer is confined to surfaces

• The radiant energy is emitted and absorbed by different surfaces.

• Heat dissipation: H=5.72Ke [(T1/100)4 – (T2/100)4] w/m2

T1 = Temperature of source (0K).

T2 = Temperature of absorbing surface (0K)

where e = emissivity
= 1 for black body
= 0.9 for resistance heating element
k= radiating efficiency or a constant
=1 for single element
= 0.5 to 0.8 for several elements placed side by side
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REQUIREMENT OF GOOD HEATING ELEMENTS

The material used for heating element should posses the following properties

 High specific resistance

 Low temperature coefficient of resistance
 Free from Oxidation
 High melting point
 Non corrosive
 Ductile
 Positive temperature Coefficient of Resistance
 High mechanical strength
 Economical
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MATERIALS FOR HEATING ELEMENTS

The materials normally used as heating elements are

 Nickel-chromium
 Nickel-chromium iron
 Nickel-chromium aluminum and
 Nickel-copper
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Properties of Heating Elements:

TYPE OF COMPOSITION COMMERCIAL SPECIFIC SPECIFIC MAXIMUM

SI. ALLOY NAME 0
RESISTANCE AT 20 C GRAVITY TEMPERAT
NO URE

1 Nickel- 80% Ni Nichrome 1.03 μΩ-m 8.35 11500C

chromium 20% Cr.

2 Nickel- 60% Ni - 1.06 μΩ-m 8.27 9500C

chromium Iron 16% Cr.
24% Fe

3 Iron chromium 65-75% Fe 1150 to

Kanthal 1.4 μΩ-m 7.2 13500C
Aluminum 20-30% Cr.
5% Al.

4 Nickel- Copper 45% Ni Eureka

55% Cr. 0.49 μΩ-m 8.88 4000C
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Electric
Heating

Power High
Frequency Frequency
Heating Heating

Resistance Induction Dielectric

Arc Heating
Heating Heating Heating

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect

Infra Red Direct Arc Indirect Arc
Resistance Resistance Induction Induction
Heating Heating Heating
Heating Heating Heating Heating
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In this class we have discussed about
 Advantages of Electrical Heating

 Modes of Heat Transfer

 Requirements of Good Heating Element

 Materials employed for Heating Element