WIRELESS AND MOBILE

COMMUNICATION
MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
In telecommunications and computer networks, a channel access
method or multiple access method allows several terminals connected to the
same multi-point transmission medium to transmit over it and to share its
capacity.[1] Examples of shared physical media are wireless networks, bus
networks, ring networks and point-to-point links operating in half-duplex mode.
A channel access method is based on multiplexing, that allows several data
streams or signals to share the same communication channel or transmission
medium. In this context, multiplexing is provided by the physical layer.
There are three common types of multiple access system:
1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
The frequency-division multiple access(FDMA) channel-access scheme is
based on the frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme, which
provides different frequency bands to different data-streams. In the FDMA
case, the data streams are allocated to different nodes or devices. An
example of FDMA systems were the first-generation (1G) cell-phone
systems, where each phone call was assigned to a specific uplink
frequency channel, and another downlink frequency channel. Each
message signal (each phone call) is modulated on a specific carrier
frequency.
FDMA
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

 The time division multiple access (TDMA) channel access scheme is

based on the time-division multiplexing (TDM) scheme, which provides
different time-slots to different data-streams (in the TDMA case to
different transmitters) in a cyclically repetitive frame structure. For
example, node 1 may use time slot 1, node 2 time slot 2, etc. until the
last transmitter. Then it starts all over again, in a repetitive pattern, until
a connection is ended and that slot becomes free or assigned to
another node. An advanced form is Dynamic TDMA (DTDMA), where a
scheduling may give different time sometimes but some times node 1
may use time slot 1 in first frame and use another time slot in next
frame.
TDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

The code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme is based on spread

spectrum, meaning that a wider radio spectrum in Hertz is used than the
data rate of each of the transferred bit streams, and several message
signals are transferred simultaneously over the same carrier frequency,
utilizing different spreading codes. The wide bandwidth makes it possible
to send with a very poor signal-to-noise ratio of much less than 1 (less
than 0 dB) according to the Shannon-Heartlyformula, meaning that the
transmission power can be reduced to a level below the level of the noise
and co-channel interference (cross talk) from other message signals
sharing the same frequency.
CDMA
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)

Spread-spectrum telecommunications is a signal structuring technique that

employs direct sequence, frequency hopping, or a hybrid of these, which
can be used for multiple access and/or multiple functions. This technique
decreases the potential interference to other receivers while achieving
privacy. Spread spectrum generally makes use of a sequential noise-like
signal structure to spread the normally narrowband information signal over
a relatively wideband (radio) band of frequencies. The receiver correlates
the received signals to retrieve the original information signal. Originally
there were two motivations: either to resist enemy efforts to jam the
communications (anti-jam, or AJ), or to hide the fact that communication
was even taking place, sometimes called low probability of intercept (LPI).
SSMA
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio
signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using
a pseudorandomsequence known to both transmitter and receiver. It is used as
a multiple access method in the code division multiple access(CDMA)
scheme frequency-hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) .
FHSS is a wireless technology that spreads its signal over rapidly changing
frequencies. Each available frequency band is divided into sub-frequencies.
Signals rapidly change ("hop") among these in a pre-determined order.
Interference at a specific frequency will only affect the signal during that short
interval. FHSS can, however, cause interference with adjacent direct-sequence
spread spectrum (DSSS) systems. A sub-type of FHSS used in Bluetooth wireless
data transfer is adaptive frequency hopping spread spectrum (AFH).
FHSS
COMPARISON OF TDMA/FDMA/TDMA
ADVANCE MOBILE
PHONE SYSTEM (AMPS)
Introduction Of AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) is an analog mobile

phone system standard developed by Bell Labs, and officially introduced in
the Americas on October 13, 1983,Israel in 1986, Australia in
1987, Singapore in 1988, and Pakistan in 1990.It was the primary analog
mobile phone system in North America (and other locales) through the
1980s and into the 2000s. As of February 18, 2008, carriers in the United
States were no longer required to support AMPS and companies such as
AT&T and Verizon have discontinued this service permanently. AMPS was
discontinued in Australia in September 2000, in Pakistan by October
2004, and Brazil by 2010.
GOLBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION (GSM)
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is
an open, digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data
service, digital mobile telephony system that is
widely used in Europe and other parts of the world.
GSM uses a variation of time division multiple
access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the
three digital wirelesstelephony technologies (TDMA,
GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses
data, then sends it down a channel with two other
streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It
operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz
GSM Architecture

ARCHITECTURE: The layout of a basic GSM network are divided into three broad
parts.
Comparison of CDMA and GSM
technology
Following are some of the points discuss regarding comparison of both
technology:
 Technology
The CDMA is based on spread spectrum technology which makes the optimal use
of available bandwidth. It allows each user to transmit over the entire frequency
spectrum all the time. On the other hand GSM operates on the wedge spectrum
called a carrier. This carrier is divided into a number of time slots and each user is
assigned a different time slot so that until the ongoing call is finished, no other
subscriber can have access to this. GSM uses both Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for user and cell
separation. TDMA provides multiuser access by chopping up the channel into
different time slices and FDMA provides multiuser access by separating the used
frequencies.
 Security
More security is provided in CDMA technology as compared with the GSM
technology as encryption is inbuilt in the CDMA. A unique code is provided to every
user and all the conversation between two users are encoded ensuring a greater level of
security for CDMA users. The signal cannot be detected easily in CDMA as compared to
the signals of GSM, which are concentrated in the narrow bandwidth. Therefore, the
CDMA phone calls are more secure than the GSM calls. In terms of encryption the GSM
technology has to be upgraded so as to make it operate more securely.
 Spectrum Frequencies
The CDMA network operates in the frequency spectrum of CDMA 850 MHz and 1900
MHz while the GSM network operates in the frequency spectrum of GSM 850 MHz and
1900 MHz.
 Global Reach
GSM is in use over 80% of the world’s mobile networks in over 210 countries as
compared to CDMA. CDMA is almost exclusively used in United States and some parts
of Canada and Japan. As the European Union permissions GSM use, so CDMA is not
supported in Europe. In North America, especially in rural areas, more coverage is
offered by CDMA as compared to GSM. As GSM is an international standard, so it’s
better to use GSM in international roaming. GSM is in use by 76% of users as compared
to CDMA which is in use by 24% users.
 Data Transfer Rate
CDMA has faster data rate as compared to GSM as EVDO data transfer
technology is used in CDMA which offers a maximum download speed of 2
mbps. EVDO ready mobile phones are required to use this technology. GSM
uses EDGE data transfer technology that has a maximum download speed of 384
kbps which is slower as compared to CDMA. For browsing the web, to watch
videos and to download music, CDMA is better choice as compared to GSM. So
CDMA is known to cover more area with fewer towers.
 Radiation Exposure
GSM phones emit continuous wave pulses, so there is a large need to reduce the
exposures to electromagnetic fields focused on cell phones with “continuous wave
pulses”. On the other hand CDMA cell phones do not produce these pulses. GSM
phones emit about 28 times more radiation on average as compared to CDMA
phones. Moreover, GSM phones are more biologically reactive as compared to
CDMA.
GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service
on the 2Gand 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile
communications(GSM). GPRS was originally standardized by European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the
earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now
maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting
with circuit switched data, which is usually billed per minute of connection time.
Sometimes billing time is broken down to every third of a minute. Usage above
the bundle cap is charged per megabyte, speed limited, or disallowed.
Operation of GPRS System
Global positioning System (GPS)

Stands for "Global Positioning System." GPS is a satellite navigation system used
to determine the ground position of an object. GPS technology was first used by
the United States military in the 1960s and expanded into civilian use over the next
few decades. Today, GPS receivers are included in many commercial products,
such as automobiles, smartphones, exercise watches, and GISdevices.
The GPS system includes 24 satellites deployed in space about 12,000 miles
(19,300 kilometers) above the earth's surface. They orbit the earth once every 12
hours at an extremely fast pace of roughly 7,000 miles per hour (11,200 kilometers
per hour). The satellites are evenly spread out so that four satellites are accessible
via direct line-of-sight from anywhere on the globe.
GPS