Quadratic Expression

Integrals Involving Quadratic Expressions
Bander Almutairi
King Saud University
November 9, 2015
Bander Almutairi (King Saud University) Integrals Involving Quadratic Expressions November 9, 2015 1/7
1 Integrals Involving Quadratic Expressions
Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

irreducible quadratic expression ax 2 + bx + c.

irreducible quadratic expression ax 2 + bx + c. When b 6= 0, we may need
to complete square:

to complete square:
ax 2 + bx + c

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
We could use the substitution u = x + 2a , If necessary.

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
Examples:

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
Examples:
1 x 2 − 6x + 13

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
Examples:
1 x 2 − 6x + 13 = (x − 3)2 + 4.

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
Examples:
1 x 2 − 6x + 13 = (x − 3)2 + 4.
2 8 + 2x − x 2

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
Examples:
1 x 2 − 6x + 13 = (x − 3)2 + 4.
2 8 + 2x − x 2 = 8 − (x 2 − 2x)

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
Examples:
1 x 2 − 6x + 13 = (x − 3)2 + 4.
2 8 + 2x − x 2 = 8 − (x 2 − 2x) = 9 − (x − 1)2 .

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
Examples:
1 x 2 − 6x + 13 = (x − 3)2 + 4.
2 8 + 2x − x 2 = 8 − (x 2 − 2x) = 9 − (x − 1)2 .
3 x 2 + 8x + 25

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
Examples:
1 x 2 − 6x + 13 = (x − 3)2 + 4.
2 8 + 2x − x 2 = 8 − (x 2 − 2x) = 9 − (x − 1)2 .
3 x 2 + 8x + 25 = (x 2 + 8x + 42 ) + 25 − 42

to complete square:
b
ax 2 + bx + c = a(x 2 + x) + c
a
b b b
= a(x 2 + x+( )2 ) + c−a.( )2
a 2a 2a
b 2 b2
= a(x + ) + (c − )
2a 2.a
b
Examples:
1 x 2 − 6x + 13 = (x − 3)2 + 4.
2 8 + 2x − x 2 = 8 − (x 2 − 2x) = 9 − (x − 1)2 .
3 x 2 + 8x + 25 = (x 2 + 8x + 42 ) + 25 − 42 = (x + 4)2 + 9.
Example (1):
Example (1):
2x − 1
Z
2
dx
x − 6x + 13
Example (1):
2x − 1 2x − 1
Z Z
2
dx = dx
x − 6x + 13 (x − 3)2 + 4
Example (1):
2x − 1 2x − 1
Z Z
2
dx = dx
x − 6x + 13 (x − 3)2 + 4
2(u + 3) − 1
Z
= du, by puting u = x − 3
u2 + 4
Example (1):
2x − 1 2x − 1
Z Z
2
dx = dx
x − 6x + 13 (x − 3)2 + 4
2(u + 3) − 1
Z
u2 + 4
Z Z
2u 1
= du + 5 du
u2 + 4 u2 + 4
Example (1):
2x − 1 2x − 1
Z Z
2
dx = dx
x − 6x + 13 (x − 3)2 + 4
2(u + 3) − 1
Z
u2 + 4
Z Z
2u 1
= du + 5 du
u2 + 4 u2 + 4
1 u
= ln |u 2 + 4| + 5. tan−1 ( ) + c
2 2
Example (1):
2x − 1 2x − 1
Z Z
2
dx = dx
x − 6x + 13 (x − 3)2 + 4
2(u + 3) − 1
Z
u2 + 4
Z Z
2u 1
= du + 5 du
u2 + 4 u2 + 4
1 u
= ln |u 2 + 4| + 5. tan−1 ( ) + c
2 2
5 x −3
= ln |x 2 − 6x + 13| + tan−1 ( ) + c.
2 2
Example (1):
2x − 1 2x − 1
Z Z
2
dx = dx
x − 6x + 13 (x − 3)2 + 4
2(u + 3) − 1
Z
u2 + 4
Z Z
2u 1
= du + 5 du
u2 + 4 u2 + 4
1 u
= ln |u 2 + 4| + 5. tan−1 ( ) + c
2 2
5 x −3
= ln |x 2 − 6x + 13| + tan−1 ( ) + c.
2 2
Example (2):
Example (2):
Z
1
√ dx
8 + 2x − x 2
Example (2):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
8 + 2x − x 2 9 − (x − 1)2
Example (2):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
8 + 2x − x 2 9 − (x − 1)2
Z
1
= √ du, by puting u = x − 1
32 − u 2
Example (2):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
8 + 2x − x 2 9 − (x − 1)2
Z
1
32 − u 2
x −1
= sin−1 ( ) + c.
3
Example (2):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
8 + 2x − x 2 9 − (x − 1)2
Z
1
32 − u 2
x −1
= sin−1 ( ) + c.
3
Example (3):
Example (3):
Z
1
√ dx
x 2 + 8x + 25
Example (3):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
x 2 + 8x + 25 (x + 4)2 + 9
Example (3):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
x 2 + 8x + 25 (x + 4)2 + 9
Z
3 sec(θ)
= p dθ, puting x + 4 = 3 tan(θ)
(3 tan(θ))2 + 9
Example (3):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
x 2 + 8x + 25 (x + 4)2 + 9
Z
3 sec(θ)
(3 tan(θ))2 + 9
3. sec2 (θ)
Z
= dθ
3 sec(θ)
Example (3):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
x 2 + 8x + 25 (x + 4)2 + 9
Z
3 sec(θ)
(3 tan(θ))2 + 9
3. sec2 (θ)
Z
= dθ
3 sec(θ)
= ln |sec(θ) + tan(θ)| + c
Example (3):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
x 2 + 8x + 25 (x + 4)2 + 9
Z
3 sec(θ)
(3 tan(θ))2 + 9
3. sec2 (θ)
Z
= dθ
3 sec(θ)
√
x 2 + 8x + 25 x + 4
= ln + +c

3 3
Example (3):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
x 2 + 8x + 25 (x + 4)2 + 9
Z
3 sec(θ)
(3 tan(θ))2 + 9
3. sec2 (θ)
Z
= dθ
3 sec(θ)
√
x 2 + 8x + 25 x + 4
= ln + +c

3 3
√
x 2 + 8x + 25 + x + 4
= ln +c

3
Example (3):
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
x 2 + 8x + 25 (x + 4)2 + 9
Z
3 sec(θ)
(3 tan(θ))2 + 9
3. sec2 (θ)
Z
= dθ
3 sec(θ)
√
x 2 + 8x + 25 x + 4
= ln + +c

3 3
√
x 2 + 8x + 25 + x + 4
= ln +c

3
p
= ln x 2 + 8x + 25 + x + 4 − ln(3) + c

Exercises: Evaluate the following integrals:

√ 1
R
1
4x−x 2
dx.
√ 1
R
2
7+6x−x 2
dx.
x+5
R
3
9x 2 +6x+17
dx.
√ 1
R
4 dx
x(6−x)

Quadratic Expression

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Quadratic Expression

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Integrals Involving Quadratic Expressions

King Saud University

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Partial fraction decompositions may lead to integrands contaInIng an

Exercises: Evaluate the following integrals:

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