Chapter 9 Immunology

-Cytokines-
Definition:
- LMW soluble proteins produced by the cells of immunity in response to microbes and other antigens.
- They act as intercellular signals to mediate & regulate the immune - inflammatory responses.
Properties:
• Secretion is self limited and binds to a specific receptor on the target cells with high affinity.
✓ They given special term according the secreting cells e.g. IL1Monokines, IL2Lymphokines.
✓ one cytokines can affects more than one cell e.g. IL2 (Pleotropism)
✓ one cell can secrete more than one cytokines e.g. Th.
✓ Many cells can secrete the same cytokines e.g. Th & macrophage secrete IL6.
✓ Cytokine function may targeting as:
o The cells that secrete them (autocrine action)
o Local cells (paracrine action)
o Distant cells (endocrine action)
Important cytokines:
o IL-1 produced by macrophage →
• It is inflamatory mediators in innate immunity activate & attract phagocytes to site of infection.
• It is endogenous pyrogen act on hypothalamus causing fever.
• Activate T helper cell.
o IL-2 produced by activated Th 1 →
• Activate T cytotoxic & Macrophage & NK & B-lymphocytes.
• Activate T helper cells → increase cytokine secreation.
o IL-4&5 produced by Th 2 →
• B lymphocyte to (B cell growth & differentiation factor)
• IL4….. enhance Ig E synthesis. & IL5….. enhance Ig A synthesis.
o IL-6 produced by Macrophage & TH2 →
• B cell growth & differentiation factor
• Stimulate production of Acute phase protein by the liver
• Stimulate production of neutrophil by the bone marrow
o IL-8 produced by Tcells, monocytes, neutrophils →
• Chemokine .... it attract neutrophil & basophil to the target site (chemotaxis)
o IL-10 produced by Treg & macrophage→ down regulate innate & cell mediated
o IL-12 produced by Activated macrophage → it activates N.K cells & affect T cell diffrentiation
o IFN gamma produced by Th1 → Activate Macrophage & NK.
o IFN Alpha produced by leucocytes & IFN beta produced by fibroblast→ Antiviral activity.
o TNF alpha produced by macrophage & TNF beta produced by Th1→
• Increase killing power of phagocyte to tumor cells.
• activate & attract phagocytes to the site of infection.
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