2015 Final Exam PDF

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QUESTION 1 (12 marks
The conical shell indicated in Figure 1 supports an external pressure Po and an internal
pressure Pi, where Pi = 350 kPA and Po = 100 kPA. The axial length of the shell is 1 m and its
half-included angle is 30o. Ignoring discontinuity bending stresses at the support determine:
1) The meridional (σϕ) and tangential membrane stresses (σθ) at point Q, 2/3 m axially
from the apex C of the conical shell, in terms of thickness t; Q is located at the mid-
surface of the shell.
2) The maximum shear stress at point Q in terms of the shell thickness t. Does this occur
on the inside or outside surface of the shell?
3) The value of the thickness ‘t’ at point Q if there is to be a factor of safety of 2 with
respect to yielding at Q. Assume the shell material is of yield strength 160 MPa and
use Tresca criterion for failure.
4) With the value of t obtained above (part 3), what are the values of the meridional and
tangential membrane stresses at point Q.
Figure 1
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QUESTION 2 (6 marks)
Figure 2 shows a 3 m long thin tube made of steel, is 5mm thick, and has cross-section that is
triangular with the mean dimensions as shown. Determine the maximum torque T to which it can be
subjected if the allowable shear stress is 90 MPa, and the tube is restricted to twist no more than 0.002
radian. Given that the rigidity modulus of steel G = 75 GPa.
Figure 2
A simply supported steel beam AB is subjected to the loading shown in Figure 3. Using the
unit load method (virtual work principle), determine the deflection of the beam at its centre
C. Given that the modulus of elasticity of steel, E = 200 GPa and I = 34.4 x 106 mm4.
Figure 3
A machine component that is symmetrical about its crack plane was analysed using the finite
element mesh shown in Figure 4. The figure shows the mesh in the vicinity of the crack-tip
only.
Figure 4: Finite element mesh in the vicinity of the crack-tip
4(a) The computed displacement along x2 - direction (u2) for nodes A, B and C along the
crack-free face are as follows:
Node θ r (mm) u2 (mm)

A π 0.25 5.512 x 10-3
B π 0.50 8.503 x 10-3
C π 0.75 11.283 x 10-3
Calculate the stress intensity factor (KI) at the crack-tip noting that the modulus of elasticity
E = 0.2 x 106 MPa and u2 in the vicinity of the crack-tip can be expressed as:
KI r θ θ θ
u2 = 2
E
√2π sin 2 (1 + sin2 2 − vcos2 2)
4(b) The computed normal stresses in the x2 – direction (σ22) for nodes A', B' and C' are as
follows:
Node θ r (mm) σ22 (MPa)

A' 0 0.25 933
B' 0 0.50 733
C' 0 0.75 659
Calculate KI at the crack-tip knowing:
KI θ θ 3θ
σ22 = cos (1 + sin sin )
√2πr 2 2 2
4(c) State which value of KI is more accurate (4(a) or 4(b)). Why ?
SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS
Hooke’s law:
 1

 x  E  x  v( y   z ) 

y
E

  1   v(   )

y x z 


 z  1  z  v( x   y )
 E

   
 xy  xy ,  xz  xz ,  yz  yz
 G G G
Hooke’s law for axisymmetric problems:
 1
 r  E  r  (    z )

  1   (   )
  E  r z

 z  1  z  ( r    )
 E
 
 rz  rz
 G
Volumetric strain:
   x   y  z  r    z
Membrane Stress:
  p
  
r r t
2 r0t  sin   R  0
 tr |  1   3 |
Bending of beams:
For a rectangular section ,

A=bh
bh3
I=
12
For a circular section,
𝜋𝑑2
A=
4
I  d 4 / 64 (about a diameter )
My

I
My
  ni
It
Ei
where ni  and I t   ni I i
E1
Ei y
 xi  Ei  x  

 y i Ai  y  A or  y dA  y A
A
x 
  
 y  M z  I y   M y  I y z   z  M y  I z   M z  I y z  
I y  I z   I y2z 
y * M y I z  M z I yz
tan    
z  * M z I y  M y I yz
M yz Mzy
x  
Iy Iz
y* M yIz I
tan     ( z ) tan( )
z* MzIy Iy
 y  y  cos   z  sin 

 z   y  sin   z  cos 
2I x ' y '
tan 2 p  I x max, min
 I '  I ' 
 x y 
I xx  I x x   Ay 2
I yy  I y y   Ax 2
I xy  I xy  Ax y
Torsion of circular bars:
Tr 2 4
 where I p  J    dA   r / 2
Ip A
 T
   constant
L GI p
Torsion of prismatic thin-walled tubes having closed cross-sections:
T   h t ds
T  2 Am t 
TL ds
 
2 t
4GAm
Deflection Analysis
Bending differential equations:
dVy dVz
 qy  0 ,  qz  0
dx dx
dM bz dM by
 Vy  0 ,  Vz  0
dx dx
Unit load:
n  N N M M VV TT 
     u L dx   u L dx   f S u L dx   u L dx 

i 1  L EA EI GA L GI p

L L 
A Q2
f S  2  2 dA
I Ab
where Q   ydA*
A*
Mechanics of Fracture and Fatigue
Mode I stress intensity factor:
K I   a
Paris’ law:
da
 C K I 
m
dN
Forman law:
da  K I m 
 C 
dN  (1  R )K IC  K I 
End of paper
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This study source was downloaded by 100000828523592 from CourseHero.

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QUESTION 4 (10 marks)

Figure 4: Finite element mesh in the vicinity of the crack-tip

Node θ r (mm) u2 (mm)

Node θ r (mm) σ22 (MPa)

Calculate KI at the crack-tip knowing:

4(c) State which value of KI is more accurate (4(a) or 4(b)). Why ?

Hooke’s law for axisymmetric problems:

For a rectangular section ,

For a circular section,

Torsion of circular bars:

Torsion of prismatic thin-walled tubes having closed cross-sections:

Mechanics of Fracture and Fatigue

Mode I stress intensity factor:

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