1.

1 Problem Analysis
1. Barastepu village is located near Mount Sinabung, is no longer
habitable because of the eruption of Mount Sinabung, Karo Regency.
Due the eruption of Mount Sinabung, people’s harvested vegetables
cannot be transported to the city because the roads are damages, the
result, many of the community’s vegetables became rotten which soiled
the village. It is difficult for people to take clean water for bathing,
washing and drinking water because the water source is polluted with
rotting vegetables. The erupting volcanic lava ash hoarded people’s
home.
A. What is the meaning of Berastepu village is located near Mount
Sinabung, is no longer habitable because of the eruption of Mount
Sinabung, Karo Regency. Due to eruption of Mount Sinabung,
People’s harvested vegetables cannot be transported to the city
because the roads are damages. The result, many of the
community’s vegetables became rotten which soiled the village. It
is difficult for people to take clean water for bathing, washing, and
drinking water because the water resource is pollutes with rotting
vegetables?
B. What is the impact of eruption for health?
C. What kind of waste?
Jawab:
In general, the type Waste is classified into two, namely organic
waste, commonly called wet waste and inorganic waste is called
dry waste. Wet garbage is garbage that come from living things,
including living litter and kitchen waste including food scraps. Dry
waste, between others: paper, plastic, cans, bottles, iron, and
various metals. Inorganic waste cannot be degradable (degradable),
biodegradable organic waste (degradable) and disintegrate
naturally. organic trash (Banowati, 2012)

Banowati Eva. 2012. Pengembangan Green Community UNNES Melalui

Pengelolaan Sampah. Indonesian Journal Of Conservation. Vol 1 No 1
D. What is the criteria of the clean and polluted water?
Jawab:
Air untuk Keperluan Higiene Sanitasi
1. Air dalam keadaan terlindung dari sumber pencemaran,
binatang pembawa penyakit, dan tempat perkembangbiakan
vektor
a. Tidak menjadi tempat perkembangbiakan vektor dan
binatang pembawa penyakit.
b. Jika menggunakan kontainer sebagai penampung air
harus dibersihkan secara berkala minimum 1 kali
dalam seminggu.
2. Aman dari kemungkinan kontaminasi
a. Jika air bersumber dari sarana air perpipaan, tidak
boleh ada koneksi silang dengan pipa air limbah di
bawah permukaan tanah.
b. Jika sumber air tanah non perpipaan, sarananya
terlindung dari sumber kontaminasi baik limbah
domestik maupun industri.
c. Jika melakukan pengolahan air secara kimia, maka
jenis dan dosis bahan kimia harus tepat.
Permenkes. 2017. STANDAR BAKU MUTU KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN DAN
PERSYARATAN KESEHATAN AIR UNTUK KEPERLUAN HIGIENE SANITASI,
KOLAM RENANG, SOLUS PER AQUA, DAN PEMANDIAN UMUM. NOMOR
32

E. What are the factors of pollution?

Jawab:
The main forms of pollution and their consequences are as follows:
1. Air pollution
The entry of chemical substances, foreign particles, or biological
materials into the atmosphere, which causes danger and harm to
humans and living organisms, or cause damage to the natural
environment.
2. Air pollution
The entry of contaminants into water bodies such as lakes, rivers,
beaches, and groundwater, which results in a decrease in the quality
of life of the creatures that live in it or who consume it.
3. Polusi tanah
Meresapnya senyawa kimia xenobiotic (buatan manusia) pada
lingkungan tanah alamiah yang menyebabkan penurunan kualitas
tanah sehingga tanah tidak dapat dimanfaatkan.
4. Polusi panas
Perubahan temperatur pada badan air di alam yang disebabkan oleh
manusia, sebagai contoh : perubahan temperatur badan air karena
buangan air pendingin dari instalasi pembangkit tenaga listrik dan
perubahan temperatur udara karena kendaraan bermotor dan
kegiatan industri.
5. Polusi suara
Diantaranya suara bising jalan raya, pesawat terbang, dan mesin
industri.
6. Polusi sinar
Dapat berasal dari sinar lampu kendaraan, penerangan yang
berlebihan, dan gangguan astronomi.
7. Polusi radioaktif
 Yang dapat berasal dari pembangkit tenaga nuklir dan penelitian,
pembuatan, dan pengembangan senjata nuklir.
8. Polusi visual
Hal-hal yang merusak pemandangan seperti: pipa
saluran/kabel/kawat listrik, papan iklan (billboard), perusakan
lingkungan oleh pertambangan, tempat sampah terbuka, dan
buangan padat penduduk.

F. What are the correlation between the water pollution and difficulty
to bathing, washing, and drinking?
G. What disease can caused by the polluted water? → water borne
H. How to handle the waste?
I. What is the meaning of the erupting volcanic lava ash hoarded
people’s home?
J. What is the criteria of the clean and polluted air?
Jawab:
Air quality requirements in the home space include:
a. Physical quality, consisting of parameters: particulate
(Particulate Matter/PM2.5 and PM10), air temperature, lighting,
humidity, and regulation and air exchange (ventilation rate);
b. Chemical quality, consisting of parameters: Sulfur dioxide
(SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO),
Carbon dioxide (CO2), Lead (Plumbum=Pb), cigarette smoke
(Environmental Tobacco Smoke/ETS), Asbestos, Formaldehyde
(HCHO), Volatile Organic Compound (VOC); and
c. Biological quality consists of parameters: bacteria and fungi.
Permenkes. 2011. PEDOMAN PENYEHATAN UDARA DALAM RUANG RUMA
H. NOMOR 1077/MENKES/PER/V/2011

K. What are disease often occurred in air pollution because of the

erupting volcanic lava?
L. What is the Permenkes rule of the eruption?
M. What are the role of health workers in this case?
2. Surveillance result from puskesmas doctor there was an increase the
incidence of ARI case reaching 3 times from previous months.
Puskesmas doctor plans to conduct epidemiological investigations in
several surrounding villages and provide public health counseling.
A. What is the meaning surveillance result from Puskesmas Doctor
there was an increase the incidence of ARI case reaching 3 times
from the previous months?
Jawab:
It means that there has been an outbreak or extraordinary event
which, An area can be determined to be in a state of KLB, if it
fulfills one of the following criteria:
the following criteria:
a. The emergence of a certain infectious disease as referred to in
Article 4 which previously did not exist or was not known in an
area.
b. Increased incidence of pain continuously for 3 (three) periods
of time in consecutive hours, days or weeks according to the
type of disease.
c. Increased incidence of pain two or more times compared to
previous period in hours, days or weeks by type the disease.
d. The number of new patients in a period of 1 (one) month shows
an increase of two or more times the monthly average in the
previous year.
e. Average number of pain events per month for 1 (one) year
shows an increase of two or more times compared to the
average number of cases of illness per month in the previous
year.
f. The case fatality rate of a disease (Case Fatality Rate) in 1
(one) period certain time shows an increase of 50% (fifty
percent) or more compared to the case fatality rate of a disease
period earlier in the same period.
g. The proportion of disease (Proportional Rate) of new patients
in one period shows an increase of two or more times
compared to the previous period in the same period.
Permenkes. 2010. JENIS PENYAKIT MENULAR TERTENTU YANG DAPAT
MENIMBULKAN WABAH DAN UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN. NOMOR
1501/MENKES/PER/X/2010

B. What are the duties and functions of surveillance?

Jawab:
 The basic function of Health Surveillance is not only for
alertness early disease that may occur Extraordinary Events
(KLB), but also as a basis for planning and decision making
medium- and long-term health programs. Therefore
Implementation of Health Surveillance covers all
implementation of programs in the health sector that require
continuous observation, analysis and dissemination of
information. This matter in accordance with the needs of
reliable data and information and has a contemporary
aspect.
 Health Surveillance Activities include:
1. Data collection
Data collection is done in an active and passive way. Data
type Health Surveillance can be in the form of data on
morbidity, mortality, and risk factors. Data collection can
be obtained from various sources, including: individuals,
Health Service Facilities, statistical and demographic units,
etc. Data collection methods can be done through
interviews, observation, measurement, and inspection of
targets. In carrying out data collection activities, it is
necessary instrument as a tool. Instruments made according
to purpose surveillance to be carried out and includes all
data variables needed.
2. Data processing
Before the data is processed, corrections are cleaned and re-
checked. then the data is processed by means of data
recording, validation, coding, transformation (transform)
and grouping by place, time, and person variables.
Processing results can be in the form of tables, graphs, and
maps according to variable age group, gender, place and
time, or based on certain risk factors. Each of these
variables is presented in the form of appropriate
epidemiological measures (rate, ratio and proportion). Good
data processing will provide specific information disease or
health problems. Next is the presentation processed data in
an informative and interesting form. This matter will help
data users to understand the served.
3. Data analysis
Data analysis was carried out using epidemiological
methods descriptive and/or analytical to produce
appropriate information with established surveillance
objectives. Analysis with descriptive epidemiological
method was carried out to get an idea of the distribution of
the disease or problem health and the factors that influence
it over time, places and people. While the analysis using the
epidemiological method analysis was carried out to
determine the relationship between variables can affect the
increase in the incidence of pain or problems health. To
make it easier to do the analysis with the method analytical
epidemiology can use statistical tools. The results of the
analysis will provide direction in determining the
magnitude of problem, the tendency of a situation, the cause
and effect of an event, and drawing conclusions. Drawing
conclusions from the results of the analysis must be
supported by existing scientific theories and studies.
4. Information dissemination.
Information dissemination can be delivered in the form of
bulletins, letters circulars, periodic reports, meeting forums,
 including scientific publications. Information dissemination
is carried out by utilizing technological means easily
accessible information. Information dissemination can also
be carried out if the surveillance officer actively involved in
planning, implementation and monitoring evaluation of
health programs, by presenting the results of the analysis.

Permenkes. 2014. PENYELENGGARAAN SURVEILANS KESEHATAN. NOMOR

45 TAHUN 2014

C. What kind of surveillance in general and the interpretation in this

case?
Jawab:
Based on the implementation objectives, Health Surveillance
consists of: on:
a. infectious disease surveillance;
b. non-communicable disease surveillance;
c. environmental health surveillance;
d. dimensional health surveillance; and
e. surveillance of other health problems.

 interpretation in this case is environmental health surveillance

Permenkes. 2014. PENYELENGGARAAN SURVEILANS KESEHATAN. NOMOR

45 TAHUN 2014

D. What is the etiology of ARI?

E. What would be the factors that can impacting ARI in this case?
F. How is the epidemiology of ARI?
G. How is the natural history of ARI?
H. How is the transmition of ARI in this case?
I. How to prevent and control ARI?
J. What is the proccess on the epidemiological investigations?
K. How is the trias epidemiological in this case?
 L. What are the methods of measuring epidemiology?
M. What are the purposes of epidemiological investigations?
N. What is the definition of outbreaks?
Jawab:
Extraordinary Events, hereinafter abbreviated as KLB, are the
occurrence or events and/or deaths that are significantly
epidemiology in an area over a certain period of time, and is a
conditions that can lead to outbreaks.

Permenkes. 2010. JENIS PENYAKIT MENULAR TERTENTU YANG DAPAT

MENIMBULKAN WABAH DAN UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN. NOMOR
1501/MENKES/PER/X/2010

O. What is the criteria of outbreaks?

P. How to do prevention of outbreaks?
Q. What are the steps of public health counseling?
R. What are the purposes of public health counseling?

3. What is the Islamic values in this case?

(QS Yunus: 101, QS Al-Hujarat: 6, QS Al-Hashr: 18, QS Al-
Anbiya: 84)