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CHAPTER IV

Results, Analysis and Discussion

This chapter deals on the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the

results on characterization of blue ternate as anti-bacterial agent.

Measurement for characterization

of Blue Ternate as anti-bacterial
agent

The measurement for characterization of blue ternate as anti-bacterial agent

is shown in table 1. The blue ternate extract was prepared from…How many g of

flowers)……. The extract was from fresh flowers of blue ternate wherein …(…

ml) provided 1.5 ml extract which was used in the laboratory for analysis. It was

submitted to analysis for its effect when used as anti-bacterial agent. This was

done using the test for inhibition period for treatment A – 10mm, B -12mm and C

- 14mm for 12 hours. The time for the extract tested for inhibition was 12 hours to

test the lethal or retarding effect of blue ternate extract against bacteria. The

antimicrobial susceptibility testing will show if bacteria are susceptible or can be

treated with the drug, intermediate if it may be treatable with the drug, but may

require adjusted dosage, or resistant that is cannot be treated with drug. These

were the concepts for submitting the extract for level of inhibition for bacteria.

Likewise inhibition is also concerned on the period between infection with a germ

and the appearance of the disease or illness it causes since its range is determined.

Likewise, the extract was prepared in 10mm, 11mm

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and 14mm and subjected to incubation period of 24 hours. As Rodloff (2008)

stated the resistance of infectious agents vary widely as to criteria in different

countries. Thus data on resistance cannot be meaningfully compared and publicly

published often. In Germany, different laboratories can potentially report different

results for identical microorganisms, since there is no uniform system for

categorization. In Turnos &Baladjay colors of blue ternate ranging from blue,

violet and white, and some varieties have double-layered petals that yield more

than single-layered, significant differences in nutritive values and morphological

traits and white-colored Clitoria is more preferred for pod and seed production.

Moreover, Significant differences on the flower, seed and pod yield were highly

noted between Clitoria with double- and single-layered petals. A double-layered

variety is recommended for the purpose of flower production, while a single-

layered variety, most especially the white-colored Clitoria is more preferred for

pod and seed production. Further Satria et al., (2022) studied Streptococcus (S.

mutans) and Staphylococcus (s. aureus) pathogenicity that alter biofilm, has become

one of risk factor in orthodontic treatment.

The efficacy of Butterfly pea as an antibacterial agent need to

be confirmed in dentistry. The best concentration of butterfly pea extract to inhibit

biofilm formation (anti-biofilm) is 100 mg/mL and found significant difference for

anti-biofilm activity assays and determination of intra-membrane cellular leakage.

This findings provided ideas for the current study.

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Table 1. Characterization of blue ternate as anti-bacterial agent

Incubation Extract A Extract B Extract C

12 hours 10mm 12mm 14mm

24 hours 10mm 11mm 14mm

Measurement of Zone of Inhibition

(in mm) for blue ternate as
anti-bacterial agent

Presented in Table 2 is the measurement of Zone of Inhibition

(in mm) for blue ternate as anti-bacterial agent. The results showed that bacteria

were able to resist the strength and concentration of less than or equal to 9mm. In

the 10mm, 12mm and 14mm blue ternate extract, the extract may not be able to

inhibit the growth of bacteria particularly 9mm but for the 12mm and 14mm, the

quantity of bacteria that were able to resist the extract might have reduced. This

showed that blue ternate extract has lethal or can inhibit growth of bacteria when

exposed to the extract for 12 hours. Then to further affirm the concentration that

would the prevent growth of bacteria, longer inhibition period was used. The

results as to the diameter of Zone of Inhibition was intermediate between 10 -12

mm for 24 hours with intermediate interpretation. Since inhibition involve

maintenance of uniform conditions of temperature and humidity to ensure the

development or under laboratory conditions, of certain experimental organisms,

especially bacteria. The temperature is maintained however few species use

decaying vegetation, solar heat, or even volcanic heat to speed up incubation. The

extract is placed in a Zone of inhibition which is a circular area around the spot of
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the antibiotic in which the bacteria colonies do not grow. The zone of inhibition

used to measure the susceptibility of the bacteria to wards the antibiotic or the

extract as used in the research. Usually inhibition also consider the period between

the initial infection and the onset of signs and symptoms or rather the initial stage

of an infectious disease wherein the pathogens are actively dividing and growing

in number to be used as bases for further research. In the study, the period was 12

hours and 24 hours. As it is the inhibition may involve the time it takes for an infection

to develop after a person has been exposed to a disease-causing organism (such as

bacteria, viruses, or fungi). For the tested extract, the diameter of Zone of inhibition was

interpreted resistant for less than 9mm which means the organisms are resistant to the

usually achievable serum drug. The concentration of the extract was not sufficient to

stop or retard growth. While the intermediate interpretation connotes that the

sensitivity of a bacterial strain to the blue ternate extract is said to be intermediate

when it is inhibited in vitro by a concentration of the drug that is associated with

an uncertain therapeutic effect.

The sensitive which applies to extraxt greater that 12mm implied

the organism is inhibited by the extract concentration that is achieved using the

usual dosage. Large zones of inhibition indicate that the organism is susceptible,

while small or no zone of inhibition indicate resistance. Commonly, the inhibition

zones at 100 μg/disc and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for four

bacterial strains are in the range of 11.0–20.0 mm and 125–250 μg/mL,

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respectively. In this aspect, further study may be conducted to establish higher

level of confidence towards efficacy of blue ternate as antibacterial agent.

Table 2. Measurement of Zone of Inhibition (in mm) for blue ternate as

anti-bacterial agent
Diameter of Zone of Inhibition (in mm) Interpretation

Less than or equal to 9mm Resistant

10 – 12 mm Intermediate

Greater than 12 mm Sensitive