___Ch.14 Trigonometric functions 14 Trigonometric functions Introduction In trigonometry, the trigonometric functions are defined to describe the relationships between the lengths of the sides and the angles of a right triangle. The shape of a right triangle can be completely determined if one of the acute angles is known, therefore the ratios of any two sides can be defined as a function of the acute angles. Definition Trigonometric functions: : In the right triangle ABC, a sin A=— c b ¢ cos A= c 7 Cc a B tan A=— b where a is the opposite side, b is the adjacent side and c is the hypotenuse . Areas of a triangle 4 besin A Area = 7°* é b Properties Cc a B For 0° << 90", sin 6,cos@,tan@ are positive, sin@,cos@ are not greater than 1, sin9,tan@ increase as @ increases, cos@ decrease as @ increases. 147Ch.14 Trigonometric functions FO ee, Some Special angles For @=30, sind= For @=45,, sin@= For 6=60, sind = cos=+ and tan6= V3. Trigonometric identities sin’ 0+ cos @= 1 sin(90" -@) = cos £03(90' ~ 6) = sind tan(90' -9) = tan@ A Pythagoras’ theorem If 2C=90',then a? +b? =, Conversely, If a? +b? =c?, then ZC=90". a ‘B Example 1 ABC is a right-angled triangle, find the value of (sin.4)? +(cos A), (Not by using the identity sin” @+ cos’ @= 1) Solution: Let a, b and c be the opposite side, the adjacent side and the hypotenuse respectively. A ay (by (sin A)’ +(cos 4) -(2) (2) ca Ne 6 ¢ _@ +b? “4 : c = B By Pythagoras’ theorem, we have 2aB (sin A)? +(cos A)? = 44" =£ 14814 Trigonometric functions Example 2 ABC is a right-angled triangle and D is a point on BC. (a) Show that ABD is equilateral, ACD is isosceles and sin 30° = cos 60° = 0.5 4 (b) sin60" =cos30° = 43 Solution: Bi D (a) In the figure below, the triangle ABC is right angled, D isa point on BC such that AD = AB and the marked angle is 30°. A Since the sum of interior angles of triangle ABC is 180°, we have 2B =90' - ZC =60° It is because D is a point on BC such that AD = AB, triangle ABD is z D equilateral. And because, ZDAC = 90° — ZDAB = 90° -60° =30°=2C So triangle ACD is isosceles, and therefore CD = AD = AB= DB. 1 (b) Using the result from the previous example, we know (sin 60°)? +(cos60")? =1 (sin 60°)* + (sin30°Y =1 - (sin60"? + (3) 1 Therefore, sin60° wl 149Ch.14 Trigonometric functions Lee sin? 29+cos* 61 Example 3 Find the val ple 3 Find the value of = +55 Solution: Using the fact that (sin A)’ +(cos A)’ =1,we have sin? 29° +cos* 61’ _ sin? 29° +sin?(90' 61") 1-cos? 29° 1-cos’ 29° _ sin? 29° +sin? 29° ~— 1=e0s? 29° _ sin? 29° +sin? 29° "sin? 29° =2 Example 4 Simplify the expression cos? @(1 + tan? @). Solution: cos’ O(1+ tan? @) sin? @ } cos? =cos’ @+sin’ 6 = oor of —_ ; 1 Example 5 Simplify the expression tan@+——. ip iplify pression md Solution: _ (sind)? +(cos6)? ~~ sinOcos 7 1 © sin8cos8 150——————— —__Ch.14 Trigonometric functions Review Questions 1. Write the values in surd form: (a) sind” (b) sin30° (c) sin 45° (d) sin 60° (e) sin90° (f) cos0" —(g) cos30"——(h) cos45° (i) cos60°~—()._ c0890" (k) tan 0° (I) tan30° (m) tan 45° (n) tan 60° (0) tan 90° 2. Write the values in surd form: tan 60° sin 60° (c) sin 60° cos30° (d) 3. Find the value of x in each of the following equations, given that 0° . Find sin@ and tané (in surd form). 5. Given that sind =4. Find cos@ and tané@ (in surd form). 6. Given that tand =>. Find cos and sind (in surd form). 7. Find without using calculator, (a) sin? 10° +cos?10° (b) sin? 10° +sin? 80° (c) tan 25°: tan 65° 8. Find the value of x if (a) 2sinx= 3 where 0°$xS90'. (b) 2sin(x+10°)=V3 where 0° Sx S90". (©) 2sin(2x+10°)=V3 where 0 Sx S90". 151Ch.14 Trigonometric functions _ Exercises 1. In the figure, the triangle ABC is right-angled 4 at C. In terms of AB, BC, CA, find (a) sin A. (b) cos 4. (c) tan A. c 2. Let A, Band C be acute angles. Show that (a) sin A=cos(90° — A) (b) cos A=sin(90° - 4) ) m=. — tan(90° — A) 3. Let ABC be a right-angled (at C) triangle. Show that (a) sin A=cosB (b) cos 4 =sinB 1 tan A=—— 7 tanB 4. Given that a+b=90". (a) Find the value of (sina)? +(sin 6)". (b) Find (cosa+cosb)(cosa—cosb) in term of cosa. cos’ a+sin*b (©) Find the value of = I-sin?a 5, Find the value of x (corr. to 2 d.p.) if (a) 3cosx=2 where 0 <$x<90". (b) 4sin(x+10°)+5=6 where 0° siny,then x2 y. (b) if x2y,then sinx2siny. Let x and y be acute angles. Show that (a) if cosx2cosy,then x2 y. (b) if xy, then cosx> cosy. ). Let x and y be acute angles. Show that (a) if tanx2>tany, then x2 y. (b) if x>y, then tanx2tany. Show that S 1 (a) sin30" = cos 60" => oo oe . NB (b) sin 60° = cos30 25 oO 30—\ 3 30° =—_—- => (©) tan30°= F603 |. Show that > 2 (a) sin 45° = cos 45° = ae (b) tan45°=1 153cha Trigonometric functions —____ a7 13. Let @ bean acute angle. Find (a) sin interm of tan@. (b) cos@ intermof tand. (c) tan@ if sin@cosé 14. Interms of sin@,cos@, find 1 tan@+—— i) tan@ (b) tan? 1 nO 15, Simplify the following expressions. (a) sn'o(1+ 4) sino( 1-45) tan 0 sin —cosO (b) 16. Simplify the following expressions. (14 tan? after ) @ ——_+_an') 2+ tan’ 0+ 1 an? 0 v2sind+1 1-V2sin@ ®) V2cos+1 1-V2c086 1 > 17.* (a) Simplify (a 7 ae") -2 in? 8” cos*O (b) Using part (a), simplify the following algebraic expression (Gin? + cos? 6-2)’ - 2)? 2)? 2)? -2)? -2 154—Sh.14 Trigonometric functions 1 1/ 18.* (a) Show that (+ ) ~2 tan’ 4 tanas 1) tanx) tan? x 1 1 | (b) Show that ( 1 + z tan 3) tan’ x Usi i 4 1) } (c) Using previous results, find (44) (4- l ) in term of tanx. | sinx cosx sinx cosx 19.* In the figure, ABC is a right-angled triangle and AD is the angle bisector of angle A. E is a point on AB such that DE is perpendicular to AB. A NS Oo e D B (a) Show that AABC ~ ADBE. (b) Find BD: DC intermofx. (©) Using part (b), find tan2x in term of tanx for 0<2x< 90". (d) Hence find cos2x in term of tanx for 0<2x<90". (e) Using part (d), cos2x in term of cosx for 0<2x<90'. (f) Find sin2x in term of tanx for 02x $90". (@) Using part (4), sin2x in term of sinx and cosx for 0< 2x < 90". | 20. (a) Expand (x-2-¥3)(x-2+¥3). (b) Hence solve tanx + tan'x=4 forall acute angle x. 21. Given that cos2x = cos? x~sin? x.. (a) Find sin.xcos’ x—cosxsin’ x in term of tan2x. 1 ; ac (b) Hence solve sin xcos’ x~cosxsi’ X=] for any acute angle x. 155Ch.14 Trigonometric functions 22. Let x be an acute angle. Given that cos2x=cos' x-sin’ x. Solve the following equations. (a) sind-cos@=——L Er a (©) (sinx+cosx)? —(sinx—cos x)? = V3. (b) sin@+cosO 23. (a) Show that tan(90° - x) = for 0) Using part (a), simplify (sin‘ x-+cos* x)(sin* x+cos* x)(sin'® x + cos" x)...(sin® x+co0s? x) 36.* (a) Simplify cos? (2 - cos? @). (b) Using part (a), simplify 20s? (2 —c0s" 6)[2—cos? A(2—cos* 8)]{2—c0s? 2 cos? O[2-cos? A2—cos" 8)]} 158