ALICNAS, Jasper F.

September 24, 2022

QFR for Expt. #6

1. Enumerate five compounds that are good extracting solvents and give the specific
substance they can extract. Write your answers in a tabulated form.

COMPOUNDS THAT ARE GOOD SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE THAT THEY CAN

EXTRACTING SOLVENTS EXTRACT
1. Ethanol - Wine and whipped cream
2. Acetone - Resins, sulfur, mineral oils,
waxes, pine tar, some dyestuffs,
organic accelerators,
antioxidants, and peptizing
agents
3. Toluene - Crude petroleum
4. Chloroform - Nucleic acids from proteins and
lipids
5. Hexane - Extract more oil from oilseeds
compared to ethyl acetate and
ether.

2. Enumerate five characteristics of a good extracting solvent.

1) Immiscible pair of solvents: water and low polarity organic solvents.

2) Good solubility of the target compound.
3) Poor solubility of impurities.
4) Volatility of the extraction solvent.
5) Toxicity and safety properties of the extraction solvent.

3. Enumerate four factors that can affect the process of extraction and explain how
they can affect the results.

1) Effect of temperature and inert solutes.

 Physical and chemical interactions can alter a solute's apparent partition
coefficient between two solvents. This must be considered at all costs
when selecting a proper extraction technique.
2) Effect of pH on extraction.
 It has been established that organic acids and bases can exist in aqueous
solutions as equilibrium mixtures of their corresponding neutral and ionic
forms. Because these neutral and ionic forms might not have the same
equal partition coefficients in a second solvent, the amount of a chemical
that is extracted alone depends on the location of the acid-base
equilibrium and, ultimately, upon the pH of the resulting solution.
3) Effect of ion-pair formation.
  Since ion-pair formation commonly leads to unexpected extractions, it
needs to be acknowledged properly. An ion-pair frequently arises in either
a polar or non-polar solvent since it is essentially a close interaction
between an anion and a cation.
4) Effect of synergistic extraction.
 It may be defined as ‘the process whereby two different reagents when
employed together are capable of extracting a metal ion with a distinct
and marked efficiency, in comparison to a condition when the same two
reagents are used individually’.

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Factors-Influencing-Solvent-Extraction_30920/

https://labproinc.com/blogs/chemicals-and-solvents/hexane-an-effective-oil-extracting-
agent

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=157&toxid=29

http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/~orglabtutorials/Interactive%20Tutorials/separation/Theory/
theory6_2.htm