GEC 004: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD ANOVA 05-11-2023 02:14:10 PM

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

South: Biglang Awa St. cor Cattleya St, 12th Avenue East, Caloocan City
North: Congressional Road, Bagumbong, Caloocan City
College of Liberal Arts & Sciences

Analysis of Variance

Analysis of Variance or Anova refers to a comparison test used to determine the significant difference among normal
population means. The comparison in means of 3 or more populations which follow normal distributions can be taken simultaneously
in just one application of this test. This test is therefore a generalization of the Z and t tests of two normal population means. This test
was developed by Sir Ronald A. Fischer (1890 - 1962).

The following assumptions should be met in the use of analysis of variance:

1. The various groups are assumed to be with normal populations.
2. The variance of the different groups is assumed to be equal.
3. The random samples in the groups should be independent.

When all assumptions are met, the results of the analysis of variance will be valid.
We will be discussing the One-Way Classification only for purposes of understanding Anova.
A sample of this could be the comparison of the average weight of infants under four different types of feeding programs.
Using a series of computations, the following formulas will be used to answer the problems presented.
2
(∑ X )
TSS = ∑ X 2−
N
Where:
TSS = total sum of squares
X = individual values in each column
N = total sample size
2 2
(∑ Xc ) (∑ X )
SSB = −
n N
Where:
SSB = sum of squares within columns
∑Xc = sum of individual values per column
n = size of the sample per column
SSW = TSS - SSB
Where: SSW = sum of squares within columns

A Summary Table of the Analysis of Variance for the One-Way Classification is presented in the following form:
Analysis of Variance for the One-Way Classification
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square Computed F
SSB
Between Columns SSB k-1 MSB =
k−1
MSB
SSW F=
Within Columns SSW k(n - 1) MSW = MSW
k (n−1)
Total SST N-1

In the table, k represents the number of columns, MSB is for the mean Square for between columns and MSW for the Mean
Square for with-in columns, and F-test to know whether the formulated hypothesis is accepted or not by comparing the computed
value from the tabular F value using appendix D, using k - 1 and k(n - 1) degrees of freedom.

EXAMPLE:
Three brands of reducing pills were tried on sample of 8 female adults. The data is reflected on the table below in terms of
weight loss. (lb)
Table 1
Respondent No. Brand A Brand B Brand C
1 4.5 3.2 3.0
2 4.1 3.0 2.8
3 3.6 3.8 3.2
4 5.3 3.9 3.6
5 4.8 4.2 3.5
6 2.7 3.1 3.5
7 4.3 4.0 2.9
8 3.8 3.3 3.6

Test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the average weight loss in pounds (lb) among the three groups of
respondents using the 3 brands of reducing pill at the 0.01 level.

Solution:
1. Ho: μA = μB = μC
2. Ha: μA ≠ μ B ≠ μC
3. α = 0.01
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Perry Boy Rolan
GEC 004: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD ANOVA 05-11-2023 02:14:10 PM
4. Test Statistic:
MSB
F=
MSW
df = 2 and 21
CV = 5.78
5. Computation:

X X X X2 X2 X2
Respondent No.
A B C A2 B2 C2
1 4.5 3.2 3.0 20.25 10.24 9
2 4.1 3.0 2.8 16.81 9 7.84
3 3.6 3.8 3.2 12.96 14.44 10.24
4 5.3 3.9 3.6 28.09 15.21 12.96
5 4.8 4.2 3.5 23.04 17.64 12.25
6 2.7 3.1 3.5 7.29 9.61 12.25
7 4.3 4.0 2.9 18.49 16.00 8.41
8 3.8 3.3 3.6 14.44 10.89 12.96
n=8 ∑A = 33.1 ∑B = 28.5 ∑C = 26.1 ∑A2 = 141.37 ∑B2 = 103.03 ∑C2 = 85.91

N = 24 ∑X = ∑A + ∑B + ∑C ∑X2 = ∑A2 + ∑B2 + ∑C2

∑X = 87.7 ∑X2 = 330.31
Computation of the different sums of squares are as follows:

2
(87.7)
TSS = (4.5)2 + (4.1)2 + . . . + (3.6)2 -
= 9.84
24
2 2 2 2
(33.1) (28.5) (26.1) (87.7)
SSB = + + - = 3.16
8 8 8 24
SSW = TSS – SSB = 9.84 - 3.16 - = 6.68

After the sum of squares have been computed a summary table has to be represented
Table 3
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square Computed F
3.16
Between Columns 3.16 3-1=2 MSB = = 1.58
2
1.57
6.68 F= = 4.94
Within Columns 6.68 3(8 - 1) = 21 MSW = = 0.32 0.32
21
Total 9.84 24 - 1 = 23

6. Decision:
Accept Ho and reject Ha since 4.94 is less than 5.78. Therefore, the reduction in the mean weight of the respondents
using the three brands of reducing pills are just the same at the 0.01 level.

UNIVERSITY OF CALOOCAN CITY

South: Biglang Awa St. cor Cattleya St, 12th Avenue East, Caloocan City
North: Congressional Road, Bagumbong, Caloocan City
College of Liberal Arts & Sciences

Exercise: Anova
Problem:
Three factory workers pack candies in a plastic bag that must weigh 200grams. A random sample of 6 plastic bags per worker
were weighed and the results are as follows.
Table 1
Bag No. Worker 1 Worker 2 Worker 3
1 198 188 199
2 201 195 200
3 196 193 198
4 201 196 201
5 199 200 198
6 196 190 197
Is there a variation in the average weight of candies packed by the three workers at the 0.05 level?
Solution:
1. Ho: μ1 = μ2 = μ3
2. H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3
3. α = 0.05
4. Test Statistic:

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Perry Boy Rolan
GEC 004: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD ANOVA 05-11-2023 02:14:10 PM
MSB
F= df = 2 and 15 CV = 6.38
MSW
5.Computation:
X X X X2 X2 X2
Respondent No.
W1 W2 W3 W12 W22 W32
1
2
3
4
5
6
n=6 ∑W1 =______ ∑W2 =______ ∑W3 =______ ∑W12 =______ ∑W22 =______ ∑W32 =______

N=
∑X = ∑W1 + ∑W2 + ∑W3 ∑X2 = ∑W12 + ∑W22 + ∑W32
∑X = ∑X2 =

Computation of the different sums of squares are as follows:

TSS =
SSB =
SSW = TSS – SSB =
After the sum of squares have been computed a summary table has to be represented
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square Computed F
Between Columns MSB =
Within Columns MSW = F=
Total

6. Decision:

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Perry Boy Rolan