PART – A

1. Define fuel.

Fuel is a substance which on proper burning releases an energy as a thermal energy and it is used mostly
on domestic and industrial purposes.

2. Define fossil fuel.

A fossil fuel[a] is a hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the
remains of dead plants and animals that is extracted and burned as a fuel. 

3. Define calorific value of a fuel.

Calorific value of a fuel is the total quantity of heat liberated when a unit mass or volume of the fuel is
completely burnt.

4. How are fuels classified?

Fuels are classified into natural or primary fuels and artificial or secondary fuels. Each type is further
subdivided into solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.

5. Give two examples for solid fuels.

Wood and charcoal are two examples of solid fuel.

6. Give two examples for liquid fuels.

Petrol and kerosene are two examples of liquid fuels

7. Give two examples for gaseous fuels.

Compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas are two examples of gaseous fuels.

8. What are the varieties of coal?

Coal is a natural fuel formed by slow carbonization of vegetable matter buried under the earth some
thousand years ago. There are four kinds of coal which are peat, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite
coal.
9. What is petroleum?

Petroleum, also called crude oil, is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath
the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel. A fossil fuel, petroleum is
created by the decomposition of organic matter over time and used as fuel to
power vehicles, heating units, and machines, and can be converted into
plastics.

10. What is meant by cracking?

Cracking is a process by which the hydrocarbons of high molecular mass are decomposed into
hydrocarbons of low molecular mass by heating in the presence or absence of a catalyst.

11. What is producer gas?

Producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen. It also contains traces of hydrogen and
carbon dioxide.

12. Give the composition of producer gas.

Producer gas is composed of CO = 22-30%; H2 = 8-12%; N2 = 52-55% and CO2 = 3%.

13. What is water gas?

Water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It also contains traces of carbon dioxide and
nitrogen.

14. Give the composition of water gas.

Water gas is composed of CO = 41%; H2 = 51%; N2 = 4% and CO2 = 4%.

15. What are the components present in CNG?

t mainly contains methane. CNG is made by compressing natural gas which is found in oil deposits
landfills and waste water treatment plants to less than 1% of its volume, it occupies at standard
atmospheric pressure.
16. Mention the uses of CNG.

The following are the uses of CNG:

1. It is mainly used as a domestic fuel.

2. It is used as a fuel in diesel engines.

3. It is used as a motor fuel

17. What are the components present in LPG?

. It is a mixture of propane and butane. And It is stored in steel cylinder under high pressure.

18. Mention the uses of LPG.

1. It is mainly used as a domestic fuel.

2. It is used as a fuel in diesel engines.

3. It is used as a motor fuel.

PART – B

1. What is refining of petroleum?

An oil refinery is an organised and coordinated arrangement of manufacturing

processes designed to produce physical and chemical changes in crude oil to
convert it into everyday products like petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, fuel oil and
bitumen.

2. Write a note on liquid hydrogen as fuel.

Liquid hydrogen is typically used as a concentrated form of hydrogen storage. Storing it as liquid
takes less space than storing it as a gas at normal temperature and pressure. However, the
liquid density is very low compared to other common fuels.

3. Give the composition and uses of producer gas.

Producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen. It also contains traces of hydrogen and
carbon dioxide. It is used for a fuel in the extraction of metal, in manufacturing glass and reducing agent
in metallurgy.
4. Give the composition and uses of water gas.

Water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It also contains traces of carbon dioxide and
nitrogen. It is used as a source of hydrogen gas, illuminating gas and as a fuel in ceramic industries.

5. Give the composition and uses of CNG.

CNG is a good alternative fossil fuel. It mainly contains methane. CNG is made by compressing natural
gas which is found in oil deposits landfills and waste water treatment plants to less than 1% of its
volume, it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. This kind of fuel is used as a fuel for city bus fleet,
taxis and three wheelers.

6. Give the composition and uses of LPG.

It is a mixture of propane and butane and it is also stored in steel cylinder under high pressure. LPG is
commonly used in residential heating, cooking and hot water systems.

PART – C

1. Write a note on solid fuels.

Solid fuels refer to both biomass fuels and coal. The most common fuel used for cooking and
heating is wood, followed by other solid biomass fuels, such as charcoal, agricultural residues
and sometimes even leaves and grass.

2. Explain the fractional distillation of petroleum.

A process called fractional distillation is used in oil refineries to separate (as well as join or
split) the various lengths of hydrocarbon chains to create different petroleum products
from the different distillates.

3. Describe the manufacture of producer gas. List its uses.

Producer gas is a combustible gas manufactured by blowing a mixture of steam and air
upwards through a bed of hot coke, or coal, such that the fuel is completely gasified. The
gas obtained from coke consists mainly of a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with the
nitrogen from the blast of air. It is used as a fuel in the extraction of metal, manufacture of glass
and reducing agent in metallurgy.

4. Describe the manufacture of water gas. List its uses.

Water gas is prepared by passing steam and little air alternatively over a red hot coke in a reactor. The
reactor is consists of steel vessel lined inside with refractory bricks at the top and it also has a cup and
cone feeder and an exit for water gas. At the base, Inlet pipes for steam and air are provided. It is used
as a source of hydrogen gas, illuminating gas and in ceramic industries.

5. Write a note on CNG.

Compressed natural gas or CNG is simply natural gas mainly comprised of methane that is

stored under high pressures (while remaining in its gaseous form), mainly as a means to
transport it, or as storage for later use as vehicle fuel. In this form it remains clear, odourless,
and non-corrosive.

6. Write a note on LPG.

Liquefied petroleum gas is produced during the refining process of crude oil or extracted
during the processing of natural gas. The gases produced in this process are mainly propane
and butane with small amounts of other gases. These gases are liquefied through
pressurization to make them easier to transport and store.

7. Compare the relative advantages of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.

Liquid and gaseous fuels have higher calorific values than the solid fuels.
Liquid and gaseous fuels produce little or no smoke, whereas most of
the solid fuels burn with smoke. 6. Liquid and gaseous fuels have relatively
low ignition temperature and hence they burn more easily than solid fuels.

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Think of how household waste can be utilized to produce gaseous fuel.

A process known as waste gasification or pyrolysis turns trash from homes and
offices into low-emissions fuels.