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6G Technology
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication systems are the rapid technological innovations in the last decades
and symmetry technologies for the Internet of Things. At present five generations of mobile
wireless cellular communications systems exist, with the recent generation being the fifth-
generation wireless network. A wireless cellular communication generation emerges
approximately every 10 years since 1980, including the first-generation analog FM cellular
systems in 1981, the second generation in 1992, the third generation (3G) in 2001, and the
fourth generation (4G) often referred to as the long-term evolution [LTE]) in 2011. Figure 1
presents a synopsis of the evolving wireless technologies. Generally, the last decade has
witnessed a tremendous development in wireless communications which led to thriving data-
hungry applications, including multimedia, online gaming, and high-definition video
streaming. The booming mobile Internet technology is the catalyst enabling and propagating
various state-of-the-art user-defined services, such as mobile shopping and payment, smart
homes/cities, and mobile gaming.
Research on 6G wireless systems is now the center of attention for a large number of journal
and conference publications, keynote talks, and panel discussions at flagship
conferences/workshops, as well as in the working groups of standardization bodies, such as the
International Telecommunications Union. For the vast majority of these studies, the scope of
the work ranges from characterizing potential 6G use cases and identifying their requirements
to analyzing possible solutions, in particular, for PHY of the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) stack. 6G (sixth-generation wireless) is the successor to 5G cellular technology.
Is expected to be deployed 2028 to 2030. In 2020 scientists from Nan yang Technological
University & Osaka university created a chip for terahertz which might be used in 6G. 6G
Technology market is presumed to ease large improvements in the areas of imaging, presence
technology and location awareness.
Chapter 2
Although, the 5G communication systems that are going to be released very soon will offer
significant improvements over the existing systems, they will not be able to fulfil the
demands of future emerging intelligent and automation systems after 10 years. The 5G
network will provide new features and provide better quality of service as compared with
fourth-generation (4G) communications. The 5G technology will include several new
additional techniques, such as new frequency bands (e.g., the millimeter wave (mm Wave)
and the optical spectra), advanced spectrum usage and management, and the integration of
licensed and unlicensed bands. Nevertheless, the fast growth of data-centric and automated
systems may exceed the capabilities of 5G wireless systems. Certain devices, such as virtual
reality (VR) devices need to go beyond 5G because they require a minimum of 10 Gbps data
rate. Hence, with 5G reaching its limits in 2030, the design goals for its next step are already
being explored in literature. To overcome the constraints of 5G for supporting new
challenges, a sixth-generation (6G) wireless system will need to be developed with new
attractive features. The key drivers of 6G will be the convergence of all the past features, such
as network densification, high throughput, high reliability, low energy consumption, and
massive connectivity. The 6G system would also continue the trends of the previous
6G Technology
generations, which included new services with the addition of new technologies. The new
services include AI, smart wearables, implants,
Chapter 3
APPLICATIONS
Every communication system opens the door to new features and applications. 5G was the first
generation to introduce AI, automation and smart cities. However, these technologies were
partially integrated. 6G is introducing more technologies and applications providing higher
data rates, high reliability, low latency and secure efficient transmission. Figure 3 shows the
main applications, trends and technologies introduced in 6G. In this section, some of these
technologies and applications 6G are discussed.
3.1 Terahertz
Communication the RF band is almost full and it is not able to support the increasingly
growing demand in wireless communications technology. The THz band, ranging from 0.1
THz to 10 THz, will play a crucial role in 6G supplying more bandwidth, more capacity,
ultra- high data rates and secure transmission. The THz band will support the development of
minuscule cells in nanometer to micrometer dimensions supplying very high-speed
communications within a coverage area of up to 10 m and supporting the Internet of Nano-
things. Technologies using frequency bands below 0.1 THz cannot support Tbps links,
3.10 Healthcare
The lack of electronic healthcare in other wireless communication technology was because of
low data rate and time delay. 6G will provide secure communication, high performance, ultra-
low latency, high data rate and high reliability enabling the full existence of remote surgeries
as in Figure 6 through XR, robotics, automation and AI. Also, the small wavelength due to
the THz band supports the communication and the development of nano sensors allowing
developing new nano sized devices to operate inside the human body.
Figure 3.4 A loop explaining the communication between the master console and the tele-operator
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 shows for network architecture with significant access necessities, novel spectrum
management also multiple access strategies will be requisite. The selection of advanced
frequency bands such as "millimeter waves and beyond" will assess problematic spectrum
shortages; although these bands are not perfect, particularly in medium and huge
communication areas, owing to the relaxation and very high preconditions of the beam
direction. In the case of multiple accesses, the selection of full-time OMA schemes in the
obtainable spectrum is not enough. On the second hand, untainted NOMA techniques will not
contain the flexibility to facilitate wireless connectivity aimed at gadgets by diverse service
needs. Therefore, new access and resource allocation and multiple access management
techniques will be needed to interfere with these cell-free networks, provided the restricted
spectrum resources.
Super smart society: The specific structures of 6G will quicken the structure of smart
societies prompting "life class developments, environmental observing and robotics using AI-
based M2M communication and energy harvesting".
Smart healthcare: 6G systems will ease a consistent remote monitoring system in the
healthcare system. Even remote surgery will be possible thanks to 6G communication. Lager
data speed, less failure, and a very consistent 6G network will aid transport large amounts of
medical data quickly and reliably, which can advance access to upkeep and eminence of care.
Information transfer in the five senses: This technique applies from the neurological
procedure to sensory integration. It regains the feelings of the human physique as well as the
environment and utilizes the body efficiently in the surroundings and in native conditions.
BCI technique will efficiently improve this application.
Internet of everything: The 6G system will support the complete IoE system. It is essentially
an Internet of Things (IoT), then it is a general word that assimilates four characteristics, as
"data, people, processes also physical devices", into a framework
In February 2022, Chinese researchers say they have achieved a record data streaming speed
using vortex millimetre waves, a form of extremely high-frequency radio wave with rapidly
changing spins, the researchers transmitted 1 terabyte of data over a distance of 1km (3,300
feet) in a second.
In January 2022, Purple Mountain Laboratories of China claimed that its research team had
achieved a world record of 206.25 gigabits per second (Gbit/s) data rate for the first time in a
lab environment within the terahertz frequency band which is supposed to be the base of 6G
cellular technology.
The University of Oulu in Finland has launched the 6Genesis research project to develop a 6G
vision for 2030. The university has also signed a collaboration agreement with Japan's
Beyond 5G Promotion Consortium to coordinate the work of the Finnish 6G Flagship
research on 6G technologies.
Osaka University in Japan and Australia's Adelaide University researchers have developed a
silicon-based microchip with a special multiplex to divide data and enable more efficient
management of terahertz waves. During testing, researchers claimed the device transmitted
data at 11 gigabits per second compared to 5G's theoretical limit of 10 Gbps of 5G.
Chapter 6
6G Technology
development trends during the 6G cycle will contain the network screening with
programmable software and surfaces defined by the metro, from a machine-activated cloud
access network (C-RAN) to free.
Chapter 7
CONCLUSION
Each generation of communication system brings new and exciting features. The 5G
communication system has some exciting features. However, 5G will not be able to fully
support the growing demand for wireless communication in 2030. Therefore, 6G will need
to be rolled out. Research on 6G is still in its infancy and in the study phase. This paper
envisions the prospects and ways to reach the goal of 6G communication. In this paper, we
presented the possible applications and the technologies to be deployed for 6G
communication. We also described the possible challenges and research directions to reach
the goals for 6G. In this paper we mentioned some of the real-world experiments happening
around the world. We also discussed about the issues & solutions for them. Besides
clarifying the vision and goal of 6G communications, we have stated the various
technologies that could be used for 6G communication.
Dept of IS&E, Moodbidri Page 21
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