VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi - 590018

Seminar report
on

“6G TECHNOLOGY”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

by

JITHESH
4MT19IS021

Under the Guidance

of

Mr. Rajesh N. Kamath

Senior Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)

MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade, An ISO 9001: 2015 Certified Institution
(A Unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust®, Mangalore - 575001)
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi.
Badaga Mijar, Moodabidri-574225, Karnataka

2022-23
MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade, An ISO 9001: 2015 Certified Institution
(A Unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust ®, Mangalore - 575001)
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Badaga Mijar, Moodabidri-574225, Karnataka

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

(Accredited by NBA)

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Seminar entitled “6G TECHNOLOGY” presented by Mr. JITHESH ,
USN: 4MT19IS021, a bonafide student of Mangalore Institute of Technology &
Engineering in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Information
Science & Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the
year 2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The
Seminar report has been approved as it sa tisfies the academic requirements in respect of
Seminar prescribed for the said degree.

Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department

Mr. Rajesh N. Kamath Prof. Manjunath H

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of any significant task is the outcome of invaluable aggregate
combination of different people in radial direction explicitly and implicitly. I would
therefore take this opportunity to thank and express my gratitude to all those without whom
the completion of this technical seminar would not be possible.

I express my thanks to our Seminar Coordinator Mr. Rajesh N. Kamath Department of

Information Science & Engineering for having provided all the facilities that helped me in
timely completion of this technical seminar.

I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Manjunath Hebbagilu, Head of the Department,

Information Science & Engineering for his support and guidance.

I would like to thank Dr. Prashanth C M, Principal, Mangalore Institute of

Technology & Engineering, Moodbidri for his support and encouragement.

I express my sincere gratitude to our institution and management for providing us with
good infrastructure, laboratory facilities, qualified and inspiring staffs, and whose guidance
was of immense help incompletion of this technical seminar successfully.

JITHESH (4MT19IS021)

i
 ABSTRACT
Mobile communications have been undergoing a generational change every ten years or so.
However, the time difference between the network generations is also decreasing. While
fifth-generation systems are becoming a commercial reality, there is already significant
interest in systems beyond 5G, which we refer to as the sixth generation (6G) of wireless
systems. 5G wireless communications technology is being launched, with many smart
applications being integrated. However, 5G specifications are not up to the mark for the
requirements of new emerging technologies. These include data rate, capacity, latency,
reliability, resources sharing, and energy/bit. To meet these challenging demands, research
is focusing on 6G wireless communications enabling different technologies and emerging
new applications. A 6G mobile network system requires to deliver extremely fast speed,
increase capacity then non-proximity in order to support the likelihood of fresh applications.
In this paper we discuss about the challenges, applications, real-time experiments & recent
updates on 6G

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures v
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 First generation (1G analog technology) 2
1.2 Second generation (2G digital technology) 2
1.3 Third generation (3G) 2
1.4 Fourth generation (3G) 3
1.5 Fifth generation (5G) 3
2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 5G AND 6G 4
3 APPLICATION 7
3.1 Terahertz 7
3.2 Cell-Free Communication 8
3.3 Artificial Intelligence 8
3.4 Holographic Beamforming (HBF) 8
3.5 Extended Reality 9
3.6 Blockchain technology 9
3.7 Automation 10
3.8 Wireless Power Transfer 10
3.9 Wireless Brain-Computer Interface 10
3.10 Healthcare 11
4 6G NETWORK DESIGN PRINCIPLES 12
4.1 Super convergence 12
4.2 Non-IP-Based Networking Protocols 12
4.3 Information-Centric & Intent-Based Networks (ICNs) 13
4.4 Cyber security & Privacy-By-Engineering Design 13
4.5 Future-Proofing Emerging Technologies 14
iv
4.6 Cell less Architecture for 6G Networks 14
4.7 6G communication architecture scenario 15
5 REALTIME EXPERIMENTS ON 6G 18
6 6G ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS 19

6.1 Limits on Flexible Radio Access 19

6.2 Network Security Issue 19
6.3 Resource as a Service (RaaS) 19
6.4 Heterogeneous High Frequency Bands 20
6.5 Tactile Communications 20
7 CONCLUSION 21
REFERENCES 22

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1.1 Major Milestones For Different Generations Of 1 Communications 2.1
Comparison Among 5G And 6G Communications 5

2.2 Comparison Between 5G And 6G 6

3.1 6G Main Applications, Trends, And Technologies 7

3.2 Holographic Beamforming 9

3.3 BCI & 6G 11

3.4 A Loop Explaining The Communication Between the 11

Master Console And The Tele-Operator
4.1 The Cell-Less 6G Network Architecture 15

4.2 Possible 6G Communication Architecture Scenario 16

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Wireless communication systems are the rapid technological innovations in the last decades
and symmetry technologies for the Internet of Things. At present five generations of mobile
wireless cellular communications systems exist, with the recent generation being the fifth-
generation wireless network. A wireless cellular communication generation emerges
approximately every 10 years since 1980, including the first-generation analog FM cellular
systems in 1981, the second generation in 1992, the third generation (3G) in 2001, and the
fourth generation (4G) often referred to as the long-term evolution [LTE]) in 2011. Figure 1
presents a synopsis of the evolving wireless technologies. Generally, the last decade has
witnessed a tremendous development in wireless communications which led to thriving data-
hungry applications, including multimedia, online gaming, and high-definition video
streaming. The booming mobile Internet technology is the catalyst enabling and propagating
various state-of-the-art user-defined services, such as mobile shopping and payment, smart
homes/cities, and mobile gaming.

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Figure 1.1 Major milestones for different generations of communications

Research on 6G wireless systems is now the center of attention for a large number of journal
and conference publications, keynote talks, and panel discussions at flagship
conferences/workshops, as well as in the working groups of standardization bodies, such as the
International Telecommunications Union. For the vast majority of these studies, the scope of the
work ranges from characterizing potential 6G use cases and identifying their requirements to
analyzing possible solutions, in particular, for PHY of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
stack. 6G (sixth-generation wireless) is the successor to 5G cellular technology.
Is expected to be deployed 2028 to 2030. In 2020 scientists from Nan yang Technological
University & Osaka university created a chip for terahertz which might be used in 6G. 6G
Technology market is presumed to ease large improvements in the areas of imaging, presence
technology and location awareness.

1.1 First generation (1G analog technology)

The first generation mobile (1980-1990): It assisted data rates beginning 1 KBps to 2.8 KBps
and utilize a circuit switch. It used an output technology called Analog Phone Service. It used
a bandwidth of 40 MHz and a frequency range of 800 to 900 MHz, Only the sound will support.
It used Frequency Division Multiplexing. It delivered little quality calls. The energy
consumption was high. It distressed from some disadvantages, as deprived sound connections,
poor data capacity, lack of security and untrustworthy transfer.

1.2 Second generation (2G digital technology)

It depends on the GSM or, in other words, on the global mobile communications system. It was
promoted in Finland in 1991. These were the first digital cellular networks, with some evidence
of the output networks they replaced: better standard, better safety. 2G technologies have been
replaced by digital technologies for digital communication by providing services for example
text messaging, photo messaging and MMS. Entirely text messages are digitally encoded in 2G
technology. This digital encryption permits you to exchange your data so that the intended
recipient does not understand them and does not understand them. There are 3 dissimilar kinds
"FDMA, TDMA / GSM and CDMA" of 2G mobile techniques offered with diverse operational
techniques, characteristics and terms.

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1.3 Third generation (3G)

The third generation of mobile transmission systems offers 144kbps great speeds and more for
high-speed data. It conforms to improvements in older wireless technologies, such as "high
speed transmission, high multimedia access and global roaming". 3G is commonly utilized for
mobile phones and headphones as a way to link the telephone to the Internet or other IP
networks to provide voice and video calls, download and data, plus surf the web. 3G will help
multimedia applications such as complete video movement, videoconferencing as well as
Internet access. Data is directed via technology named packet switch. Telephone calls
decrypted by circuit switch. It is a very modern process of communication that has evolved
over the past era.

1.4 Fourth generation (4G)

4G mobile communication framework was presented in the late 2000s and was an IP organize
framework. The primary objective of 4G innovations is to give great quality, great capacity,
and minimal effort security administrations for voice and information, sound and Internet
services through IP administrations. The aim of modifying all IP addresses is to have a shared
platform for all the innovations advanced to date. It has a capacity of 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps.
To utilize the 4G mobile network, multimodal user terminals must be clever to select the
wireless destination system. To deliver wireless service anytime, anyplace, terminal portability
is an important influence in 4G. Terminal mobility suggests automatic roaming among
dissimilar wireless networks. 4G technology coordinates a number of present and future
wireless techniques such as "OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA and Network-LMDS" to
deliver liberty of drive and continuous roaming from one technology to a different. LTE "long-
term evolution" and Wi-MAX "wireless interoperability for microwave access" are pondered
4G technologies. The initial triumphant fourth generation field test was coordinated in Japan in
2005.

1.5 Fifth generation (5G)

In 5G, research focuses on the progress of a "World Wide wireless Web (WWWW), dynamic
ad-hoc wireless networks (DAWN) and real wireless communication". The utmost significant
techniques for 5G technologies are "802.11 wireless networks in local areas (WLAN) and
wireless networks in an urban area (WMAN), an ad hoc wireless personal area network

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(WPAN) and networks wireless for digital communications". 5G feature provides AI

capabilities to portable device.

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Chapter 2

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 5G AND 6G

We are moving toward a society of fully automated and remote management systems. The very
rapid development of various emerging applications, such as artificial intelligence (AI), virtual
reality, three-dimensional (3D) media, and the internet of everything (IoE), has led to a massive
volume of traffic. The global mobile traffic volume was 7.462 EB/month in 2010, and this
traffic is predicted to be 5016 EB/month in 2030. This statistic clearly depicts the importance
of the improvement of communication systems. Autonomous systems are becoming popular in
every sector of society, such as industry, health, roads, oceans, and space. To provide a smart
life and automated systems, millions of sensors will be embedded into cities, vehicles, homes,
industries, foods, toys, and other environments. Hence, a high data-rate with reliable
connectivity will be required to support these applications. In certain parts of the world, fifth-
generation (5G) wireless networks have already been deployed. By 2020, it is expected that 5G
will be fully deployed worldwide. 5G networks will not have the capacity to deliver a
completely automated and intelligent network that provides everything as a service and a
completely immersive experience.

Although, the 5G communication systems that are going to be released very soon will offer
significant improvements over the existing systems, they will not be able to fulfil the demands
of future emerging intelligent and automation systems after 10 years. The 5G network will
provide new features and provide better quality of service as compared with fourth-generation
(4G) communications. The 5G technology will include several new additional techniques, such
as new frequency bands (e.g., the millimeter wave (mm Wave) and the optical spectra),
advanced spectrum usage and management, and the integration of licensed and unlicensed
bands. Nevertheless, the fast growth of data-centric and automated systems may exceed the
capabilities of 5G wireless systems. Certain devices, such as virtual reality (VR) devices need
to go beyond 5G because they require a minimum of 10 Gbps data rate. Hence, with 5G
reaching its limits in 2030, the design goals for its next step are already being explored in
literature. To overcome the constraints of 5G for supporting new challenges, a sixth-generation
(6G) wireless system will need to be developed with new attractive features. The key drivers
of 6G will be the convergence of all the past features, such as network densification, high
throughput, high reliability, low energy consumption, and massive connectivity. The 6G system
 6G Technology
would also continue the trends of the previous generations, which included new services with
the addition of new technologies. The new services include AI, smart wearables, implants,

Dept of IS&E, Moodbidri Page 4 Autonomous vehicles, computing reality devices,

sensing, and 3D mapping. The most important requirement for 6G wireless networks is the capability
of handling massive volumes of data and very high-data-rate connectivity per device.

A valued comparison of 5G and 6G communications is shortened in Figure 2. We first assume

that the electrical competence of 5G was previously close to the border with progress in a huge
MIMO, network compaction and millimeter wave transmission, for example, similarly a series
of legacy multiplex methods acquired from 4G. As the limits of Shannon are limited, it is
unlikely that the spectral efficiency in 6G will improve on a large scale. On the contrary, 6G
communications should significantly improve security, privacy and confidentiality with novel
techniques. In 5G networks, customary encryption algorithms founded on the main "Rivest-
Shamir-Adleman (RSA)" public crypto-sms are still used to ensure the security and
confidentiality of transmissions. RSA crypto-spores are uncertain about the pressure of Dig
Data and artificial intelligence technologies, much less than the privacy mechanisms that
weren't developed in the 5G era.

Figure 2.1 Comparison among 5G and 6G communications

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Moodabidri
Characteristic 5G 6G
Operating frequency 3 - 300 GHz upto 1 THz
Uplink data rate 10 Gbps 1 Tbps
Downlink data rate 20 Gbps 1 Tbps
Spectral efficiency 10 bps/Hz/m2 1000 bps/Hz/m2
Reliability 10−5 10−9
Maximum mobility 500 km/h 1000 km/hr
U-plane latency 0.5 msec 0.1 msec
C-plane latency 10 msec 1 msec
Processing delay 100 ns 10 ns
Traffic capacity 10 Mbps/m2 1 - 10 Gbps/m2
Localization precision 10 cm on 2D 1 cm on 3D
Uniform user experience 50 Mbps 2D 10 Gbps 3D
Time buffer not real-time real-time
Center of gravity user service
Satellite integration No Fully
AI integration Partially Fully
XR integration Partially Fully
Haptic communication integration Partially Fully
Automation integration Partially Fully
Figure 2.2 Comparisons between 5G and 6G

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Chapter 3
APPLICATIONS
Every communication system opens the door to new features and applications. 5G was the first
generation to introduce AI, automation and smart cities. However, these technologies were
partially integrated. 6G is introducing more technologies and applications providing higher data
rates, high reliability, low latency and secure efficient transmission. Figure 3 shows the main
applications, trends and technologies introduced in 6G. In this section, some of these
technologies and applications 6G are discussed.

Figure 3.1 6G main Applications, trends, and technologies

3.1 Terahertz
Communication the RF band is almost full and it is not able to support the increasingly growing
demand in wireless communications technology. The THz band, ranging from 0.1 THz to 10
THz, will play a crucial role in 6G supplying more bandwidth, more capacity, ultra- high data
rates and secure transmission. The THz band will support the development of minuscule cells
in nanometer to micrometer dimensions supplying very high-speed communications within a
coverage area of up to 10 m and supporting the Internet of Nano- things. Technologies using

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frequency bands below 0.1 THz cannot support Tbps links, therefore, 6G will be the first
wireless communication system supporting Tbps for high speed communication.

3.2 Cell-Free Communication

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) were proposed to be used in other generations in places
where there is no infrastructure. However, this technology will be fully used in 6G allowing
cell-free communication. When the user equipment (UE) moves from one cell coverage to
another, the user’s call should be transferred to the other cell. This handover might be
unsuccessful and, in some occurrences, the user’s call is terminated and the QoS will be reduced
in the system. 6G will end the problem of cell coverage as the UE will be connected to the
whole network, not a specific cell. Using UAV will allow integrating different technologies
allowing the UE to utilize the technology having the best coverage without any manual
configurations on the device.

3.3 Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) was not involved in 4G or any previous generations. It is partially
supported by 5G making difference in the telecommunications world opening the doors for
emerging remarkable applications such as. However, AI will be fully supported in 6G for
automation. It will be involved in the handover, network selection and resources allocation
improving the performance, especially in delay-sensitive applications. AI and machine learning
are the most important technologies in 6G.

3.4 Holographic Beamforming (HBF)

Beamforming is using a directed narrow beam with a high gain for transmitting and receiving
using antenna arrays by focusing the power in a minimized angular range. It offers better
coverage and throughput, higher signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) and it could be
used to track users. Holographic beamforming is an advanced beamforming approach utilizing
Software-Defined Antenna (SDA). Holographic refers to using a hologram to achieve beam
steering by the antenna, where the antenna is like a holographic plate in an optical hologram;
RF signals from a radio flow into the back of the antenna and scatter across its front, where tiny
elements adjust the shape and direction of the beam as in Figure 4. SDAs are cheaper, smaller
in size, lighter and require less power compared to the traditional phased arrays or MIMO
systems. As C-SWaP (Cost, Size, Weight and Power) are considered as the main challenges in
any communication system designs, using SDAs in HBF will allow flexible and efficient
transmitting and receiving in 6G.

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Figure 3.2 Holographic Beamforming

3.5 Extended Reality

Extended reality (XR) is a new umbrella term including Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented
Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR). VR is a computer-simulated reality experience using a
headset that generates sounds and images creating an imaginary world. AR uses the real world
and adds to it using a specific device such as the mobile phone. Audios, videos, Global
Positioning System (GPS) could be used to create an interactive environment. Pok´emon is a
well-known example of AR. MR merges between the real and the virtual worlds creating a
complex environment. XR is all the real and virtual environment combined. 6G will be very
useful for this feature due to the strong connectivity, high data rate, high resolution and low
latency.

3.6 Blockchain Technology

The data in the block chain technology are represented as distributed blocks connected to each
other and cryptographically secured. Block chain will be used in managing and organizing big
data and in managing huge connectivity in 6G. It will be used also in spectrum sharing allowing
the users to share the same spectrum solving the problem of huge spectrum requirements in 6G
and guaranteeing secure, low cost, smart and efficient spectrum utilization. Integrating the block
chain with AI and using Deep reinforcement learning will improve the QoS allowing smart-
resources sharing, implementing an advanced caching scheme and making the network more
flexible.

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3.7 Automation
Currently, researchers focus on automation, robotics and autonomous systems. 6G will support
these technologies providing direct communication between them and the server and direct
communication between them, i.e.: robot to robot communication and robot to the server
communication. Full automation will be provided by 6G including automatic control processes,
automatic systems and automatic devices. 6G will support the existence of Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAV) which will be used in wireless communications providing high data rates
instead of the traditional base stations (BS).

3.8 Wireless Power Transfer

Wireless energy transfer will be involved in 6G, providing suitable power to the batteries in
devices such as; smartphones and sensors. The base stations in 6G will be used for transferring
power as Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET) uses the same fields and waves
used in communication systems. WIET is an innovative technology that will allow the
development of batteryless smart devices, charging wireless networks and saving the battery
life-time of other devices.

3.9 Wireless Brain-Computer Interface

Recently wearable devices are increasingly used, some of them are brain-computer interface
(BCI) applications. BCI applications involve smart wearable headsets, smart embedded devices
and smart body implants. Using BCI technologies, the brain will easily communicate with
external discrete devices which will be responsible for analyzing brain signals and translating
them. BCI also will involve affective computing technologies, in which devices will function
differently depending on the user’s mood. BCI applications were limited because they require
more spectrum resources, high bit rate, very low latency and high reliability. However, 6G will
support more applications such as the five-sense information transfer, in which 6G will transfer
the data generated by the five senses of the human allowing the interaction with the
environment.

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Figure 3.3 BCI & 6G

3.10 Healthcare
The lack of electronic healthcare in other wireless communication technology was because of
low data rate and time delay. 6G will provide secure communication, high performance, ultra-
low latency, high data rate and high reliability enabling the full existence of remote surgeries
as in Figure 6 through XR, robotics, automation and AI. Also, the small wavelength due to the
THz band supports the communication and the development of nano sensors allowing
developing new nano sized devices to operate inside the human body.

Figure 3.4 A loop explaining the communication between the master console and the tele-operator
Chapter 4

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6G NETWORK DESIGN PRINCIPLES
In order to cater to the next-generation use cases, 6G will consolidate many of the disruptive
approaches introduced by 5G. Notably, the 5G standardization efforts have provided the
groundwork to enable flexible topologies to be deployed, breaking the traditional centralized
hierarchy that exists today. KPIs, such as latency, can be tailored to use cases due to innovative
features, such as network slicing, control/user plane separation, and MEC. The service-driven
architecture with atomized and largely API’ed software components allows already today for a
much more open innovation community, thus helping to accelerate the pace of deployment. 6G
will, however, introduce entirely novel paradigms. These will be novel features and capabilities;
a novel thinking toward the underlying transport architecture infrastructure; and novel
philosophies around the entire design process, which will hopefully accelerate design and
deployment even further. Concerning novel protocol and architecture approaches, the following
will be of notable importance.

4.1 Super convergence

Non-3GPP-native wired and radio systems will form an integral part of the 6G ecosystem. In
fact, many of the more disruptive changes discussed below will not be possible without an
easier and more scalable convergence between different technology families. Emphasis will be
on mutual or 3GPP-driven security and authentication of said converged network segments. As
such, wire line and wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi, WiGig, Bluetooth, and others, will
natively complement 6G with the strong security and authentication methods of 3GPP used to
secure the consolidated network. It will greatly aid with traffic balancing due to the ability to
onboard and offload traffic between networks of different loads; it will support resilience since
traffic delivery can be hedged between different technology families.

4.2 Non-IP-Based Networking Protocols

Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) is now decades old with calls for standardization of entirely
novel networking protocols growing. Indeed, the body of research on protocols beyond IP is
rich, and several solutions are currently being investigated by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)’s Next Generation Protocol (NGP) Working
Group as possible candidates for such a disruptive approach. With more than 50% of

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networking traffic originating in or terminating at the wireless edge, a solution that caters to the
wireless sector is fully justified.

4.3 Information-Centric & Intent-Based Networks (ICNs)

Related to the above NGP, ICNs are an active research area in the Internet research task force
(IRTF) and Internet engineering task force (IETF) and constitute a paradigm shift from
networking as we know it today (i.e., TCP/IP-based). ICN is a step toward the separation of
content and its location identifier. Rather than IP addressing, content is addressed using an
abstract naming convention. Different proposals exist today for the protocol realization of ICN.
It was considered in the ITU-T Focus Group (FG) on IMT-2020 as a candidate for 5G. In fact,
several proposals already exist to carry ICN traffic tunnelled through the mobile network, but
such an approach deifies the transparent and flat Internet topologies. A new ITU-T FG has been
established to guide the requirements for the network of 2030. Furthermore, to bridge the latest
developments in networking design and operational management, intent-based networking and
intent-based service design have emerged. It is a lifecycle management approach for
networking infrastructure, which will be central to 6G. It will require higher-level business and
service policies to be taken into account; a resulting system configuration leveraging on the
end-to-end softwarized infrastructure; a continuous monitoring of the network and service state;
and a real-time optimization process able to adapt to any changes in network/service state, thus
ensuring that the intent is met.

4.4 Cyber security & Privacy-By-Engineering Design

While security has been taken very seriously in 5G from a protocol and architecture point of
view, the underlying embedded code, which embodies and executes the various system
components, has never been part of the standardization efforts. Most security vulnerabilities,
however, have been due to poorly written code. Thus, future efforts will not only focus on a
secure end-to-end solution but will also encompass a top (architecture and protocols)-down
(embedded software) approach that we refer to as the 360-cybersecurity approach. Furthermore,
while security-by-design is now a well-understood design approach, privacy is still being
solved at the “consent” level. The Privacy-by-Engineering design will ensure that mechanisms
are natively built into the protocols and architecture, which would, e.g., prevent the forwarding
of packets/information if not certified to be privacy-vetted. For instance, a security camera will
only be allowed to stream the video footage if certain privacy requirements are fulfilled at the

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networking level and possibly contextual level, i.e., understanding who is in the picture and
what privacy settings they have enabled.
4.5 Future-Proofing Emerging Technologies
A large swath of novel technologies and features is constantly appearing, the introduction of
which into the telco architecture often takes decades. Examples of such technologies today are
quantum, distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), and AI. Tomorrow, another set of
technologies will appear. All these ought to be embedded quicker and more efficiently, which
is why 6G needs to cater for mechanisms allowing not-yet-invented technologies to be
embedded into the overall functional architecture. The subsequent section lays out some
possible approaches to achieving this. Here, some more details are on the specific technology
opportunities of quantum, DLT, and AI. The exciting features of quantum are that it can be
used to make the 6G infrastructure tamper-proof. It can be used for cryptographic key
exchanges and, thus, enabling a much more secure infrastructure.

4.6 Cell less Architecture for 6G Networks

Following generation wireless networks have to assist an enormous figure of terminal users
within minor geographical extents, and this will stretch increase to dense or ultra-dense
placement of APs/BSs with overlapping coverage zones. In such a case, a different AP / BS
will be served simultaneously on the devices (for example, by multiple transmissions and multi-
client affiliations), which will be necessary for well-organized handover, frequency distribution
and interference management. When an extremely quick backup between certain AP and BS is
used, the general network, from the point of view of the end device, will be presented as a major
distribution system, without cells, with multiple inputs and with multiple output (MIMO). In
particular, all the APs will know all the devices active in their region. Access points can be
thought of as remote radio headers (RRHs), as is the situation with cloud radio access networks
(CRAN). More than one AD can accommodate each device, thanks to the coordination of the
transmission or via a transmission multiplex. It can be convenient to see this cell less
architecture as a general form of the famous Comp transmission, where collaborative access
points come together to respond to all the gadgets in their inclusion regions (cellular devices
and cell replacement). This can be improved via the usage of much quick centralized processing
units which allocate resources to diverse terminal devices, and the CRANs can target the
processing of data to what is called the group of baseband units. Complete coordination

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between numbers of DAs can lead to interference management ideally, or almost ideally,
through centralized or distributed improvement techniques.

Figure 4.1 The Cell-Less 6g Network Architecture

Figure 4.1 shows for network architecture with significant access necessities, novel spectrum
management also multiple access strategies will be requisite. The selection of advanced
frequency bands such as "millimeter waves and beyond" will assess problematic spectrum
shortages; although these bands are not perfect, particularly in medium and huge
communication areas, owing to the relaxation and very high preconditions of the beam
direction. In the case of multiple accesses, the selection of full-time OMA schemes in the
obtainable spectrum is not enough. On the second hand, untainted NOMA techniques will not
contain the flexibility to facilitate wireless connectivity aimed at gadgets by diverse service
needs. Therefore, new access and resource allocation and multiple access management
techniques will be needed to interfere with these cell-free networks, provided the restricted
spectrum resources.

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Technology
4.7 6G communication architecture scenario
Some of the main inspiring developments at back the development of 6G transmission
framework are as shadows, "high bit rate, high reliability, low latency, high energy efficiency,
high spectral efficiency, new spectrums, green communication, intelligent networks, network
availability and convergence of communications, localization, computing, control and sensing" 6G will be
a completely computerized, linked globe.

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 6G Technology

Figure 4.2 Possible 6G communication architecture scenario

The Figure 8 demonstrates the communication architecture setup to imagining the 6G

communication systems. Approximately important predictions as well as applications of 6G
wireless communication are fleetingly defined beneath.

Super smart society: The specific structures of 6G will quicken the structure of smart societies
prompting "life class developments, environmental observing and robotics using AI-based
M2M communication and energy harvesting".

Extended reality: Augmented reality services (hereinafter referred to as XR), "counting

augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR) and VR", are essential components of 6G
communication systems.
Connected robotics and autonomous systems: 6G systems help deploy linked robots and
autonomous systems. The automatic means transportation founded on 6G wireless
communication can significantly modify our everyday lives. The 6G network will indorse the
actual use of cars without a driver.

Wireless brain computer interactions: It is a means of straight communication among the

brain and outside devices. The BCI receives signals from the brain that they are movi non-

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 6G Technology
verbal communication. The proposed wireless communication will support random
communication.

Smart healthcare: 6G systems will ease a consistent remote monitoring system in the
healthcare system. Even remote surgery will be possible thanks to 6G communication. Lager
data speed, less failure, and a very consistent 6G network will aid transport large amounts of
medical data quickly and reliably, which can advance access to upkeep and eminence of care.

Automation and industrial: The term automation references to "automatic control of

processes, devices and systems ". 6G automated systems will offer "highly reliable, scalable,
and secure communications using high-speed, low intelligence networks ".

Information transfer in the five senses: This technique applies from the neurological
procedure to sensory integration. It regains the feelings of the human physique as well as the
environment and utilizes the body efficiently in the surroundings and in native conditions. BCI
technique will efficiently improve this application.

Internet of everything: The 6G system will support the complete IoE system. It is essentially
an Internet of Things (IoT), then it is a general word that assimilates four characteristics, as
"data, people, processes also physical devices", into a framework

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6G
Technology

Chapter 5 REALTIME EXPERIMENTS ON 6G

On November 6, 2020, China successfully launched an experimental test satellite with
candidates for 6G technology into orbit, along with 12 other satellites, using a Long March 6
launch vehicle rocket. The satellite is intended to "verify the terahertz (THz) communication
technology in space"

In February 2022, Chinese researchers say they have achieved a record data streaming speed
using vortex millimetre waves, a form of extremely high-frequency radio wave with rapidly
changing spins, the researchers transmitted 1 terabyte of data over a distance of 1km (3,300
feet) in a second.

In January 2022, Purple Mountain Laboratories of China claimed that its research team had
achieved a world record of 206.25 gigabits per second (Gbit/s) data rate for the first time in a
lab environment within the terahertz frequency band which is supposed to be the base of 6G
cellular technology.

The University of Oulu in Finland has launched the 6Genesis research project to develop a 6G
vision for 2030. The university has also signed a collaboration agreement with Japan's Beyond
5G Promotion Consortium to coordinate the work of the Finnish 6G Flagship research on 6G
technologies.

South Korea's Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute is conducting research

on the terahertz frequency band for 6G. It envisions data speeds 100 times faster than 4G Long-
Term Evolution (LTE) networks and five times faster than 5G networks.

China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is investing in and monitoring 6G

R&D in the country. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2020 opened up
6G frequency for spectrum testing for frequencies over 95 gigahertz (GHz) to 3 THz.

Osaka University in Japan and Australia's Adelaide University researchers have developed a
silicon-based microchip with a special multiplex to divide data and enable more efficient
management of terahertz waves. During testing, researchers claimed the device transmitted data
at 11 gigabits per second compared to 5G's theoretical limit of 10 Gbps of 5G.

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 6G Technology

Chapter 6

6G ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS

6.1 Limits on Flexible Radio Access

Cell size plus carrier frequency may limit the OFDM numerology option. On one arrow, utilize
of numerology with the extensive subcarrier spacing is usually further appropriate for minor
cell sizes owing to its smaller delay extensions than large cell increases. On the other hand,
large quantities of digital cells can be used with a larger space subcarrier, but at a lower
performance cost. It is similarly significant to remember that the size of cells with high
frequency carriers is restricted because of problems of route propagation and Doppler
propagation in case of high mobility.

6.2 Network Security Issue

Security is a serious concern for 6G wireless networks, specifically when using the Terrestrial
Space Integrated Network (STIN) technique. In 6G, in addition to traditional physical series
safety, other forms of privacy, as cohesive network security, must be measured together. A
novel approach to security, which depends on little difficulty and a high level of security, must
therefore be intensified. To this conclusion, certain physical layer security techniques intended
for 5G can be protracted to 6G systems, for example, a secure MIMO mass based on low density
parity control (LDPC); Mm-Wave Safe techniques can also be used for "UM-MIMO and THz
band applications". When it comes to integrated network security, it is very important that there
is an appropriate management purpose for diverse function means for diverse security domains.
A central distribution management mechanism is a promising mechanism for STIN which takes
into account the management of multicultural and certificate less communication keys. With
the efficient administration and application, these physical and network layer security methods
can combine this integrated security solution, which effectively protects confidential
information and confidentiality on 6G networks.

6.3 Resource as a Service (RaaS)

The advent of software networking (SDN) and network functionality verification (NFV) eases
the evolution towards an integrated resource-oriented resource allocation called RaaS. The
result is a perception of network splitting to generate virtual networks across the physical
infrastructure. It permits mobile operators or service suppliers to assign virtual network
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resources to encounter precise service needs. Programmable metro conditions and software
specificities will probably be part of the network's resources. Therefore, only NFV

6G Technology

development trends during the 6G cycle will contain the network screening with
programmable software and surfaces defined by the metro, from a machine-activated cloud
access network (C-RAN) to free.

6.4 Heterogeneous High Frequency Bands

The use of mm-Wave and THz in 6G presents a number of new open problems. For mm-
Wave, support for high movements at mm-Wave frequencies will be an open central
problem. In the case of THz, new models of architecture and propagation are necessary. The
great power, great sensitivity and low noise of the transmitter required to overcome the THz
loss on the high path are key features. Once these elements of the physical series are well
understood, network layer protocols and new connections must be developed to enhance the
utilization of cross-frequency resources, captivating into account the extremely variable also
inexact nature of mm-wave and THz environments. Alternative significant way is the
learning of the coexistence of THz cells,millimeter waves and microwaves in each series.

6.5 Tactile Communications

Next using holographic communication to translate virtual views near to the reality of people,
actions, environments, etc. It is advantageous to remotely exchange a physical communication
via a real-time Internet connection. The expected services include telecommunications, the
automated collaborative reader and interpersonal communication, which should allow the
application of random control across communication networks. The efficient design of the
communication system between the rows must be carried out to meet these strict requirements.
For instance, new physical layer diagrams (PHY) must be established, for the design of
signaling systems, the congestion of waveforms, etc. to improve transfer and motivated
protocol. Wireless communication systems cannot meet these requirements and wireless fiber
communication systems are required.
Dept of IS&E, Moodbidri Page 20 6G Technology

Chapter 7
CONCLUSION

Each generation of communication system brings new and exciting features. The 5G
communication system has some exciting features. However, 5G will not be able to fully
support the growing demand for wireless communication in 2030. Therefore, 6G will need
to be rolled out. Research on 6G is still in its infancy and in the study phase. This paper
envisions the prospects and ways to reach the goal of 6G communication. In this paper, we
presented the possible applications and the technologies to be deployed for 6G
communication. We also described the possible challenges and research directions to reach
the goals for 6G. In this paper we mentioned some of the real-world experiments happening
around the world. We also discussed about the issues & solutions for them. Besides clarifying
the vision and goal of 6G communications, we have stated the various technologies that could
be used for 6G communication.
Dept of IS&E, Moodbidri Page 21
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