A

Technical Seminar Report

on

“6G TECHNOLOGY”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Communication
Submitted by Engineering

BHARATH N 2GO20EC009

Under the Guidance of

Prof. PRITHVIRAJ D M Tech, MISTE
Assistant Professor

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

HAVERI- 581 110

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2023-2024
 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
HAVERI - 581 110
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar entitled “6G TECHNOLOGY” carried out
by BHARATH N 2GO20EC009 is a bonafide student of Government Engineering College,
Haveri in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during
the year 2023-2024. The Technical Seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of the Technical Seminar prescribed for the said Degree.

.................................................. ..................................................
Signature of Guide Technical Seminar Coordinator
Prof. PRITHVIRAJ D M Tech, MISTE Prof. SUMANGALA G S MTech.
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

................................................. ..................................................
Head of the Department Principal
Dr. JAYAPRAKASHA.H MTech., Ph.D., MISTE Dr. JAGADISH KORI. M.E, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Examiners:
1.___________________________________________ _____________________
2.___________________________________________ _____________________

DATE :

PLACE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Completing the Technical seminar presentation brings a sense of satisfaction, but it is never
complete without thanking those who made it possible and whose constant support has
crowned the efforts with success.

I would specially thank my technical seminar guide Prof. PRITHVIRAJ D, Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering, for his/her expert guidance, encouragement,
and valuable suggestions at every step.

I would like to thank Prof. SUMANGALA G S, Technical seminar Coordinator, and the
faculty members of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department for their
continuous support and guidance to present my seminar.

I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. JAYAPRAKASHA. H, Head of the

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for encouraging and inspiring me
to present the technical seminar.

I would like to thank Dr. JAGADISH KORI, Principal of Government Engineering College
Haveri for his continuous support and constant encouragement.

I am extremely happy to acknowledge and express my sincere gratitude to my friends for their
support and cooperation.

BHARATH N 2GO20EC009

i
 ABSTRACT

The demand for wireless connectivity has grown exponentially over the last few decades.
Fifth-generation (5G) communications, with far more features than fourth-generation
communications, will soon be deployed worldwide. A new paradigm of wireless communication,
the sixth-generation (6G) system, with the full support of artificial intelligence, is expected to be
implemented between 2027 and 2030. Beyond 5G, some fundamental issues that need to be
addressed are higher system capacity, higher data rate, lower latency, higher security, and
improved quality of service (QoS) compared to the 5G system. This paper presents the vision of
future 6G wireless communication and its network architecture. This article describes emerging
technologies such as artificial intelligence, terahertz communications, wireless optical
technology, free-space optical network, blockchain, three-dimensional networking, quantum
communications, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell free communications, integration of wireless
information and energy transfer, integrated sensing and communication, integrated access
backhaul networks, dynamic network slicing, holographic beamforming, backscatter
communication, intelligent reflecting surface, proactive caching, and big data analytics that can
assist the 6G architecture development in guaranteeing the QoS. Besides, expected applications
with 6G communication requirements and possible technologies are presented. We also describe
potential challenges and research directions for achieving this goal.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No

Acknowledgement i

Abstract ii

Contents iii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUTCION 1

CHAPTER 2: ARCHITECTURE OF 6G TECHNOLOGY 3-7

2.1 E2E ARCHITECTURE 3

2.2 6G REFRENCE ARCHITECTURE 4

2.3 ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES 6

CHAPTER 3: COMPARISION OF 5G AND 6G NETWORKS 8

CHAPTER 4: APPLICATIONS OF 6G TECHNOLOGY 10

CHAPTER 5: TRENDS IN 6G TECHNOLOGY 12

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 14

REFERENCES

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Every ten years or so, a new generation of mobile technology comes along with promises
of being far more advanced than the one that preceded it. The arrival of 2G came with text
messages, the launch of 3G unlocked data services, and the arrival of 4G made the mobile Internet
a practical reality.5G is no different, serving up gigabit speeds, greater capacity, and ultra-low
latency. This means it will be easier to stream video, get a signal in busy locations and indoors,
and entirely new business and consumer applications will be possible. Development of 5G is
ongoing, but for some attention has already turned to the next big thing. Unsurprisingly, that's
expected to be called 6G and we've put together the below guide to introduce you to what we
expect it to be.

6G – as the name suggests – is the sixth generation of mobile connectivity. It’s still
unclear what final form 6G will take until it is standardized, but it isn’t too early to speculate
which technologies will be included and which characteristics it will have.6G will build on this
foundation and introduce new capabilities far beyond the limits of 5G.

Fig 1:6G Technology

The rapid development of various emerging applications, such as artificial intelligence

(AI), virtual reality (VR), three-dimensional (3D) media, and the internet of everything (IoE),
has led to a massive volume of traffic. The global mobile traffic volume was 7.462 EB/month in
2010, and this traffic is predicted to be 5016 EB/month in 2030. This statistic shows the
importance of improving communication systems. We are heading toward a society of fully
automated remote management systems. Autonomous systems are becoming popular in all areas

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of society, including industry, health, roads, oceans, and space. In this regard, millions of sensors
are integrated into cities, vehicles, homes, industries, food, toys, and other environments to
provide a smart life and automated systems. Hence, a high data-rate with reliable connectivity
will be required to support these applications. In certain parts of the world, fifth generation (5G)
wireless networks have already been deployed.

5G networks will not have the capacity to deliver a completely automated and intelligent
network that provides everything as a service and a completely immersive experience. Although
the 5G communication systems will offer significant improvements over the existing systems,
they will not be able to fulfil the demands of future emerging intelligent and automation systems
after ten years. The fast growth of data-centric and automated systems may exceed the
capabilities of 5G wireless networks. 5G communication considerably overlooked the
convergence of communication, intelligence, sensing, control, and computing functionalities.
However, future IoE applications will necessitate this convergence. Specific devices, such as VR
devices, need to go beyond 5G (B5G) because they require a minimum of 10 Gbps data rates.
Hence, with 5G reaching its limits in 2030, the design goals for its next step are already being
explored in literature.

The sixth-generation (6G) system include (i) massive man-machine interfaces, (ii)
ubiquitous computing among local devices and the cloud, (iii) multi-sensory data fusion to create
multi-verse maps and different mixed-reality experiences, and (iv) precision in sensing and
actuation to control the physical world. To reach the goal of 6G and to overcome the constraints
of 5G for supporting new challenges, B5G wireless systems will need to be developed with new
attractive features. The 6G communication networks will fulfil the laggings of 5G system by
introducing new synthesis of future services such as ambient sensing intelligence and new
human-human and human-machine interaction, a pervasive introduction of AI and the
incorporation of new technologies such as terahertz (THz), 3-dimensional (3D) networking,
quantum communications, holographic beamforming, backscatter communication, intelligent
reflecting surface (IRS), and proactive caching. The key drivers of 6G will be the convergence
of all the past features, such as network densification, high throughput, high reliability, low
energy consumption, and massive connectivity. The new services include AI, smart wearables,
implants, autonomous vehicles, computing reality devices, sensing, and 3D mapping.

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CHAPTER 2

ARCHITECTURE OF 6G TECHNOLOGY

2.1 E2E ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2 depicts a high-level view of the 6G architecture and highlights the key technical
enablers. The various building blocks are organized into three layers: Infrastructure, Network
Service, and Application.

Fig 2: High-level view of the 6G architecture [HEX-D13]

The infrastructure layer is comprised of Network RAN, Network CN, and transport
Networks, which contain radio equipment (non-virtualised radio functions like Radio Units
(RUs), RU), Distributed Units (DU)), or even classical base stations), switches, routers,
communication links, data centres, cloud infrastructure, and so on. The infrastructure layer
provides the physical resources to host the network service and application layer elements.
Furthermore, due to the introduction of new use cases, e.g., immersive smart city [HEX-D12],
the infrastructure layer envisioned for 6G can accommodate new enablers such as localisation
and sensing. A thorough gap analysis was conducted on localisation and sensing in deliverable
Hexa-X D3.1 [HEX-D31]. The infrastructure layer also contains RAN improvements that enable
extremely low latency, high reliability, availability, high data rate, high capacity, affordable
coverage, high energy efficiency, accurate localization, and integrated sensing. More details on

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the evolution of RAN technologies in Hexa-X can be found in deliverables D2.1 [HEX-D21] and
D2.2 [HEX-D22]. The 6G architecture incorporates different (sub)network solutions into a
network of networks. The network of networks can easily and flexibly adapt to new topologies
to meet the requirements of both extreme performance and global service coverage, well beyond
what 5G is capable of.

The network service layer is envisioned to be cloud and micro-service-based with

function and microservices expanded from central cloud to the extreme edge cloud. Extreme
edge cloud is referred to all devices beyond the RAN. By having all network functions,
operations, and applications implemented as microservices, we can move toward a softwarised,
intelligent and efficient 6G architecture. In the following, enablers for an intelligent network
describes mechanisms to support AI in 6G and AIaaS, programmability, and network automation.
Further on, with a cloud-native approach, the RAN and CN architectures can be streamlined, e.g.,
reduce some complexity by removing multiple processing points for a certain message and
removing duplication of functionalities among functions.

Security and privacy mechanisms are an integral part of the overall architecture, affecting
all network layers as well as the management and orchestration domain. Figure 2 highlights the
6G security technology enablers across different layers identified in [HEX-D12].

2.2 6G REFRENCE ARCHITECTURE

Fig 3: Functional view of the proposed 6G reference architecture

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Figure 3 shows the functional view of the 6G reference architecture that we propose. It is
hierarchically composed of the set of planes that traditionally build the mobile network
architecture and has done so since the earliest releases of the 3GPP standards.

CU/CPP and UP network functions are responsible for delivering the expected QoS,
efficiently allowing UEs to exchange data with the network. As previously discussed, these
planes entail novel access technologies, which may include also the ones leveraging Terahertz
bands and Visible Light Communications; AI-native air interface, arranged in specific ways (e.g.,
cell free networks [RAB+20], [NAY+17]), and even including Extreme edge functions like the
ones that are managing and reconfiguring intelligent meta surfaces. Together, they build the
network stratum. Clearly, this richness in the available NFs, that have to be arranged and properly
configured according to the network slices they belong to, poses new challenges to the
management plane of the network. Here we introduce the second stratum of the functional view:
the network intelligence stratum. By borrowing and extending the terminology from the 3GPP
system, we define a stratum as a set of coordinated functions that are running in different planes
(or domains in this case) of the network. Traditionally the non-access stratum included functions
from the UE, UP and CP. The network intelligence stratum encompasses and coordinates
functions in all the network: ranging from the intelligent operation of network functions to its
autonomous management and orchestration. The network intelligence stratum gathers data and
analytics also from the infrastructure and environment.

We extend the infrastructure to include environmental aspects (i.e., the environment

where the infrastructure is deployed and functions are executed) to allow a tight interaction
between the network and the surrounding space. Properly steering beams at very high frequencies
or using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to extend the network coverage require a sensing
stratum that can efficiently coordinate functions, harvesting data from fixed landmarks or
dynamic Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) scans, or even use the UP wireless technology
as an additional source of sensing, possibly in an energy harvesting fashion.

Finally, the last stratum we discuss in the functional view is the security one, that manages
all the cyber security and data privacy aspects in the network. This stratum coordinates functions
in all the planes and domains of the network up to the vertical service provider one, that also
benefits from the enhanced 6G security and cooperates with it to minimize the attack surface,
while allowing the service customers to have full control on the data (including the network one).

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This interaction is possible thanks to the enhanced exposure interface between the
network and the vertical service providers that, through the use of network applications, can
leverage on data, functions, and procedures offered to support and enhance the user experience.
Through the exposure interface, the traditional barrier between operators and service provider is
removed, allowing a white-box customization of the vertical service.

2.2 ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES

Architectural Principles In [HEX-D51], [EWS+22] eight different architectural principles
were defined, meant to serve as guidelines when developing the 6G architecture. A summary of
the architectural principles can be found in Figure 4.

Figure 4: 6G Architecture Principles

Principle 01: Exposure of capabilities

The architecture solution shall expose new and existing network capabilities to E2E
applications and management such as predictive orchestration. The analytic information can for
example be performance predictions such as latency and throughput, or it can also be localisation
and sensing information.

Principle 02: AI for full automation

The architecture should support full automation to manage and optimise the network
without human interaction. The closed loop network automation assumes the use of AI/ML.

Principle 03: Flexibility to different topologies

The ability of the network to adapt to various topologies without loss of performance
while still enabling easy deployment. This can for example be the ability to adapt to new traffic
demands, new spectrum situations, private networks and ad hoc mesh networks.

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Principle 04: Scalability

The network architecture needs to be scalable both in terms of supporting very small to very
large-scale deployments, by scaling up and down network resources based on needs.

Principle 05: Resilience and availability

The architecture shall be resilient in terms of service and infrastructure provisioning using
features such as multi-connectivity and removing single points of failure.

Principle 06: Exposed interfaces are service based

Network interfaces should be designed to be cloud-native, utilising state-of-the-art cloud

platforms and IT tools in a coherent and consistent manner.

Principle 07: Separation of concerns of network functions

The network functions have bounded context and all dependencies among services are through
their APIs with a minimal dependency with other network functions, so that network functions
can be developed, deployed and replaced independently from each other.

Principle 08: Network simplification in comparison to previous generations

Streamline the network architecture to reduce complexity utilising cloud-native upper layer RAN
and CN functions with fewer (well-motivated) parameters to configure and fewer external
interfaces.

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CHAPTER 3

COMPARISION OF 5G AND 6G NETWORKS

The 5G network is barely commercialized with only few places enjoying its unparalleled
benefits and have taken a step forward to research on the upcoming wireless technologies. On
the research phase, it is being addressed as 6G follows the tradition from previous networks and
keep it as simple for now. In this article explain the following differences between 6G and 5G
networks.

➢ Use of different spectrum

5G and 6G use wireless spectrum of higher range for data transmission faster than other
networks such as 2G, 3G and 4G. When comparing 5G vs 6G, the former one is allocated for
low band frequency 6 GHz and high band frequency 24.25 GHz. The latter one is operative at
the frequency range 95 GHz to 3 THz. Since, different spectrum is used, 5G vs 6G technology
can have multiple use cases for the variety of industrial sectors to enhance their efficiency. •

➢ Faster than 5G technology

Taking into the performance factor, 6G will contribute to higher performance which is
better than newly deployed 5G wireless networks. Operating at terahertz frequency bands, a peak
data rate of 1,000 gigabits/s having air latency less than 100 microseconds will deliver on 6G.
When researched about 5G vs 6G network speed, 6G speed is expected to be 100 times faster
than 5G with enhanced reliability and wider network coverage.

➢ 6G wireless accelerates IoT

after 5G Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a reality on today with the implementation
of 5G based solutions following extensive 5G network testing which is not possible with previous
networks like 4G LTE due to poor planning of frequency applied. Frequencies used were too
narrow and crowded for transmitting data required by smart devices to get accurate results. This
is where 5G filled in the gap and moving ahead with 6G expect to connect ten times more devices
per square kilometre with increase in number of connected devices in the upcoming years.

➢ Low latency in both G’s

The time taken by a packet of information that transmitted over a frequency is called
latency. 4G networks had a latency of about 50 milliseconds whereas 5G networks had ten times

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lower latency than 4G networks i.e., 5ms. With 6G network, latency will slip down to range from
1millisecond to 1microsecond, lowering latency to five times than that of fifth-generation
network making massive data transmissions possible in less than one second.

Table 1: Differences between 5G and 6G

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CHAPTER 4

APPLICATIONS OF 6G TECHNOLOGY
6G technology is envisioned to revolutionize various aspects of our lives, offering faster speeds,
lower latency, and greater capacity compared to previous generations. Some potential
applications of 6G technology include:

1.Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB):6G will provide even faster data speeds, enabling
seamless streaming of high-definition content, virtual reality experiences, and augmented reality
applications.

2.Internet of Things (IoT):6G will support a massive number of connected devices with ultra-
reliable, low-latency communication, facilitating smart cities, smart homes, and industrial
automation on a larger scale.

3.Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): 6G networks can leverage AI and
ML algorithms for intelligent resource management, network optimization, and predictive
analytics, improving overall network performance and efficiency.

4.Holographic Communication:6G could enable real-time holographic communication,

allowing people to interact with each other as if they were in the same room, revolutionizing
telepresence and remote collaboration.

5. Healthcare:6G could facilitate remote surgery, patient monitoring, and telemedicine with
ultra-reliable, low-latency connections, enabling healthcare professionals to deliver high-quality
care from a distance.

6.Autonomous Vehicles:6G networks will support real-time communication between vehicles,

infrastructure, and pedestrians, enabling safer and more efficient transportation systems through
features like autonomous driving, traffic management, and collision avoidance.

7.Environmental Monitoring:6G technology can be utilized for real-time environmental

monitoring, helping to track climate change, natural disasters, and pollution levels with greater
accuracy and precision.

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8.Immersive Gaming:6G's ultra-low latency and high bandwidth will enhance immersive
gaming experiences, enabling real-time multiplayer gaming, cloud gaming, and augmented
reality gaming on a larger scale.

9.Supply Chain Management:6G networks can improve supply chain visibility and efficiency
through advanced tracking, monitoring, and automation, optimizing inventory management and
logistics operations.

10.Education:6G technology could enable immersive virtual classrooms, remote learning

experiences, and interactive educational content, enhancing access to quality education globally.

11.Ultra-Fast Data Transfer: 6G is expected to offer even faster data transfer speeds than 5G,
enabling real-time transmission of large volumes of data. This could revolutionize industries such
as healthcare, autonomous vehicles, and virtual reality.

12.Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): With higher bandwidth and lower
latency, 6G could enhance AR and VR experiences, enabling more immersive and interactive
applications in gaming, education, training, and remote collaboration.

13. Advanced Security and Privacy: With enhanced encryption and authentication
mechanisms, 6G networks could offer improved security and privacy features, protecting
sensitive data and ensuring the integrity of communication systems.

These are just a few examples, and as 6G technology continues to evolve, new
applications and use cases are likely to emerge, further transforming how we live, work, and
interact with the world around us.

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CHAPTER 5

TRENDS IN 6G TECHNOLOGY
Trend 1- More Bits, more spectrum, More Reliability: Most of the driving applications of 6G
require higher bit rates than 5G. To cater for applications such as XR and BCI, 6G must deliver
yet another 1000x increase in data rates yielding a target of around 1 Terabit/second. This
motivates a need for more spectrum resources, hence motivating further exploration of
frequencies beyond sub6 GHz. Meanwhile, the need for higher reliability will be pervasive across
most 6G applications and will be more challenging to meet at high frequencies.

Trend 2 – From Spatial to Volumetric Spectral and Energy Efficiency: 6G must deal with
ground and aerial users, encompassing smartphones and XR/BCI devices along with flying
vehicles. This 3D nature of 6G requires an evolution towards a volumetric rather than spatial
bandwidth definition. We envision that 6G systems must deliver high spectral and energy
efficiency (SEE) requirements measured in bps/Hz/m3 /Joules. This is a natural evolution that
started from 2G (bps) to 3G (bps/Hz), then 4G (bps/Hz/m2) to 5G (bps/Hz/m2 /Joules).

Trend 3 – Emergence of Smart Surfaces and Environments: Current and past cellular systems
used base stations (of different sizes and forms) for transmission. We are currently witnessing a
revolution in electromagnetically active surfaces (e.g., using metamaterials) that include man-
made structures such as walls, roads, and even entire buildings. The use of such smart large
intelligent surfaces and environments for wireless communications will drive the 6G
architectural evolution.

Trend 4 – Massive Availability of Small Data: The data revolution will continue in the near
future and shift from centralized, big data, towards massive, distributed “small” data. 6G systems
must harness both big and small datasets across their infrastructure to enhance network functions
and provide new services. This trend motivates new machine learning and data analytics
techniques that go beyond classical big data.

Trend 5 – From Self-Organizing Networks (SON) to Self-Sustaining Networks: SON has

only been scarcely integrated into 4G/5G networks due to a lack of real-world need. However,
CRAS and DLT technologies motivate an immediate need for intelligent SON to manage network
operations, resources, and optimization. 6G will require a paradigm shift from classical SON,
whereby the network merely adapts its functions to specific environment states, into a self-

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sustaining network (SSN) that can maintain its key performance indicators (KPIs), in perpetuity,
under highly dynamic and complex environments stemming from the rich 6G application
domains. SSNs must be able to not only adapt their functions but to also sustain their resource
usage and management (e.g., by harvesting energy and exploiting spectrum) to autonomously
maintain high, long-term KPIs. SSN functions must leverage the recent revolution in AI
technologies to create AI-powered 6G SSNs.

Trend 6 – Convergence of Communications, Computing, Control, Localization, and

Sensing (3CLS): The past five generations of cellular systems had one exclusive function:
wireless communications. However, the convergence of various technologies requires 6G to
disrupt this premise by providing multiple functions that include communications, computing,
control, localization, and sensing. We envision 6G as a multi-purpose system that can deliver
multiple 3CLS services which are particularly appealing and even necessary for applications such
as XR, CRAS, and DLT where tracking, control, localization, and computing are an inherent
feature. Moreover, sensing services will enable 6G systems to provide users with a 3D mapping
of the radio environment across different frequencies. Hence, 6G systems must tightly integrate
and manage 3CLS functions.

Trend 7 – End of the Smartphone Era: Smartphones were central to 4G and 5G. However,
recent years witnessed an increase in wearable devices whose functionalities are gradually
replacing those of smartphones. This trend is further fueled by applications such as XR and BCI.
The devices associated with those applications range from smart wearables to integrated headsets
and smart body implants that can take direct sensory inputs from human senses; bringing an end
to smartphones and potentially driving a majority of 6G use cases

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
Each generation of communication system brings new and exciting features. The 5G
communication system, which will be officially launched worldwide in 2020, has impressive
features. However, 5G will not be able to support the growing demand for wireless
communication in 2030 entirely. Therefore, 6G needs to be rolled out. Research on 6G is still in
its infancy and the study phase. This paper envisions the prospects and ways to reach the goal of
6G communication. In this paper, we presented the possible applications and the technologies to
be deployed for 6G communication. We also described the possible challenges and research
directions to reach the goals for 6G. Besides clarifying the vision and goal of 6G
communications, we have stated the various technologies that can be used for 6G
communication.

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 REFERENCES
1. Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury, Md. Shahjalal, Student Member, Shakil Ahmed, and Yeong
Min Jang “6G Wireless Communication Systems: Applications, Requirements,
Technologies, Challenges, and Research Directions”, IEEE Open Journal of the
Communications Society
2. Ranju C.T, Sreekanth C, “Comparison of 5G and 6G Wireless Systems and Proposing of
7G, A New Era”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331396903
4. Yang Zhao, Wenchao Zhai, Jun Zhao, Tinghao Zhang, Sumei Sun, Dusit Niyato, and
Kwok-Yan Lam, “A Comprehensive Survey of 6G Wireless Communications”