Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Azadirachtin:
Neem Cardio
Protection
Hepato
Anti Diabetic Quercetin: Onion
Protection
Herbal
Silibinin: Silybum marianum Product –
Health benefit
Nephro
Alzheimer’s Protection
disease
Curcumin: Turmeric
1. Curcumin role on Anticancer1
Curcumin — a yellow pigment found primarily in turmeric (a flowering plant of the
ginger family best known as a spice used in curry) — is a polyphenols with anti-
inflammatory properties and the ability to increase the amount of antioxidants that the
body produces.
It is dietary isothiocyanate
Synthesized from precursor found in
cruciferous vegetables – genus Brassica
Such as cauliflower, broccoli,
cabbage, brussel spourts other Genera
Radish.
Chemotherapeutic properties – Anti-
cancer & Anti- angiogenic in various
organ.
Free radicals scavenging properties
from Liver, Kidney, Heart etc.,
Daily consumption of broccoli
(2.17g dry wt).
5. Silibinin role on Alzheimer diseases5
Silibinin (flavonoid) has antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic effects and reduces
cognitive impairment in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Silymarin and its major constituent, Silibinin, are extracts from the medicinal
plant Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and have traditionally been used for the treatment
of Alzheimer diseases.
Silibinin (INN), also known as silybin (both from Silybum, the generic name of
the plant from which it is extracted), is the major active constituent of silymarin, a
standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture
of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silychristin, silidianin, and others.
6. Resveratrol role on Cardio protection6
Two medicinal plants of the same species may look similar, yet be substantially
different in the levels of active constituents that they contain.
Botanical medicines made from plants that differ markedly in their chemical
constituents cannot produce the same therapeutic effects.
Since the practitioner or consumer will be unable to assess the difference, they
cannot compensate for it. The consequence will be inconsistent clinical results.
Extensive quality control ensures the quality and safety of standardized extracts.
Need of Quality control:
It ensures:
That the correct botanical species is used.
That the plant material is not contaminated with pesticides, heavy metals,
or other noxious agents, that the final extract complies with international
limits for microbial content and that the final product is of a consistent
high standard preparation.
Markets and Marketing Issues
Larger number of people seeking remedies and health approaches free of the side-
effects caused by synthesized chemicals
In Germany and France which together represent 39% of the $14 billion global retail
market, herbal remedies known as phytotherapeutics are well established, and the
quality criteria applied to regulation and manufacturing are comparable to those for
chemical drugs.
The principal primary market for these raw materials is to industries that
manufacture: Essential oils, Liquid extracts and tinctures, Herbal teas, Concentrated
soft extracts (for further industrial application), Concentrated dry extracts (for further
industrial application), Plant-derived pure pharmaceutical drugs.
Their dietary herbal supplement market is estimated at US$4 billion and
has been growing at 6–8% per annum.
When there are safety concerns pharmacokinetic data are useful to provide
safety margins. If there is a constituent with known therapeutic activity and a
narrow therapeutic range, pharmacokinetic data will be required.
Reverse pharmacology
Reverse Pharmacology
Scope
The seed powder of the leguminous plant, Mucuna pruriens were being used in
traditional Ayurvedic Indian medicine for diseases including parkinsonism.
The studies on the constituents of Mucana pruriens revealed that L-DOPA itself
mediates neurotrophic factor release by the brain and CNS. Thus, L-DOPA is a
lead molecule towards development of drugs for Parkinsons disease.
Zingiber officinale (Ginger): for nausea/vomiting
Modern-day uses for ginger in Eastern medicine include the use of the herb to treat nausea
(including motion sickness and morning sickness of pregnancy).
The main components of ginger are the aromatic essential oils, antioxidants, and the pungent
oleo-resin. These aromatic or pungent compounds have been identified as the
phenylalkylketones, known as gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone.
The anti-emetic effects of ginger are due to Zingerone’s (a diterpenoid) local effect on the
vagal receptors in the stomach.
Reverse pharmacology and Ayurveda
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS) has recently
adopted the golden triangle approach for some new indications of old drugs, as well
as for Ayurveda.
Ethnopharmacology is the scientific study correlating ethnic groups, their health, and
how it relates to their physical habits and methodology in creating and using
medicines.
Traditional medical traditions can offer a more holistic approach to drug design and
myriad possible targets for scientific analysis.
Traditional knowledge can serve as a powerful search engine, which will greatly facilitate
and rediscover intentional, focused and safe natural product drug discovery.
Good botanical practices which can improve the quality control procedures of
monitoring impurities, heavy metals and other toxins in the raw material can make
ethnopharmacology research more meaningful.
Drug discovery in the current scenario has become unproductive to the point where
the economic future of the industry is questionable. The research and development
thrust in the pharmaceutical sector needs to focus on development of new drugs,
innovative processes for known drugs and development of plant-based drugs through
investigation of leads from the traditional systems of medicine.
Traditional medicine can provide novel inputs into the drug development process.
However, bioprospecting—the search for economically valuable natural resources—
by pharmaceutical companies, or on their behalf, has not been conspicuously
successful in recent years.
These include:
Ethnopharmacological field work which involves: interviewing healers; interpreting traditional
terminologies into their modern counterparts; examining patients who are consuming herbal
remedies; and identifying the disease for which an herbal remedy is used.
Interpretation of signs and symptoms mentioned in ancient texts and suggesting the proper use of
old traditional remedies in the light of modern medicine.
Advising pharmacologists to carry out laboratory studies on herbs that have been observed
during field studies.
Work in collaboration with local healers to strengthen the traditional system of medicine in a
community
Advantages
Antiviral Herbal medicinal products have been used as a source of putative candidate
drugs in many diseases. However, in case of viral diseases, the development of antivirals
from natural sources is less explored, probably because within the virus there are few
specific targets where the small molecules can interact to inhibit or kill the virus.
The currently available antiherpes drugs are nucleoside analogs that did not cure the
lifelong or recurrent infections and the use of these drugs often leads to the development
of viral resistance coupled with the problem of side effects, recurrence and viral latency.
However a wide array of herbal products, used by diverse medicinal systems throughout
the world, showed a high level of antiherpes virus activities and many of them have
complementary and overlapping mechanisms of action, either by inhibiting viral
replication, or by viral genome synthesis.
Story of Aspirin: HO OH
O CH 3
OH
Many believe that willow is the natural source of aspirin. However, willow species contain
only a low quantity of the prodrug salicin which is metabolized during absorption into
various salicylate derivatives.
If calculated as salicylic acid, the daily salicin dose is insufficient to produce analgesia.
Salicylic acid concentrations following an analgesic dose of aspirin are an order of
magnitude higher.
Flavonoids and polyphenols contribute to the potent willow bark analgesic and anti-
inflammatory effect. The multi-component active principle of willow bark provides a
broader mechanism of action than aspirin and is devoid of serious adverse events.
In contrast to synthetic aspirin, willow bark does not damage the gastrointestinal mucosa.
An extract dose with 240 mg salicin had no major impact on blood clotting. In patients
with known aspirin allergy willow bark products are contraindicated.
Recent developments
Artemisia and Artemisia-based products for COVID-19 management:
current state and future perspective
Artemisia-based products have demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological
ability including antiviral properties. Besides its antiviral activity, Artemisia
annua have shown to contain appreciable amounts of minerals such as zinc,
gallium and selenium among others.
Artemisia species are an excellent source of essential oils such as pinene, thujyl
alcohol, cadinene, phellandrene, thujone, etc. and have been reported to achieve
remarkable success for several biological activities including, analgesic, anti-
coccidial, anti-diabetic, antifungal, antiviral, anti-herpes virus, and lots more.7
Wormwood (Artemisia annua) inhibits the growth of the virus and could be an
additional therapeutic against COVID-19.
New Approaches towards improving
Pharmaceutical properties of medicinal plants
Metabolite Pathway Engineering in Plants
Genetic engineering of a secondary metabolic pathway aims to either increase or decrease the
quantity of a certain compound or group of compounds i.e., secondary metabolite pathway
manipulation based on the application of systems biology approaches (integrated metabolomics,
proteomics and transcriptomics).
Metabolic engineering is not only widely applied in industrial fermentation for strain
improvement and metabolite overproduction but has also found many applications in functional
genomics, biological research (signal transduction), and medical research (such as drug
discovery and gene therapy).
To aid in development and defense against stress, plants synthesize hundreds of thousands of
compounds, many of which are produced through species-specific and complex biosynthetic
pathways.
Shikimic acid pathway, non-mevalonate (MEP) pathway and mevalonate (MVA) pathway lead
to diverse classes of compounds, which include the terpenoids, monoterpene indole alkaloids,
isoquinoline alkaloids, flavonoids and anthocyanins.
Although some valuable plant natural products with simple structures are easily chemically
synthesized (e.g., aspirin and ephedrine), many have complex structures with multiple
chiral centers, making chemical synthesis both difficult and commercially infeasible.
These compounds are often produced through the exploitation of native biological
pathways using natural harvest (e.g., codeine, morphine and dietary food compounds),
semi-synthesis (e.g. paclitaxel), heterologous production where a specific protein is
introduced in cell which it doesn’t prepare (e.g. vanilla) or plant cell culture techniques.
Metabolite pathway engineering approaches
Metabolic engineering for increasing natural product yield can be approached using two primary
strategies, depending upon the desired outcome.
For food crops, increasing the production of an entire class of compounds is often beneficial, leading to
enhanced ability of a plant to adapt to the environment or increasing the overall nutritional value of a food
product.
On the other hand, it is often necessary to target specific compounds within a biosynthetic pathway,
allowing for increased yield of a single product for medicinal or nutraceutical applications. By upregulating
or silencing of specific pathway genes, cooperative or competing pathway genes, or transcription factors, as
well as introduction of heterologous genes to allow for production of non-native compounds
Conclusion