Ways of Citing

There are many formats in citing sources of information and ideas in the text of the
related literature or in any part of the research paper. The following are the commonly
used formats with sample citations.

APA Format

American Psychological Association or APA style is the most common way to cite
sources in field of social sciences. In using this format, the author-date method of in-text
citation is followed, in which the author's surname and the year of publication for the
source should appear in the text, e.g., (Cahan, 2000). A complete reference should
appear in the bibliography section of the research paper.

In some cases where the researcher only cites an idea or opinion from another author's
work but do not directly quote the material or making reference to an entire book, article,
or other work, a reference to the author and year of publication is made. There is no
need to include the page number in the in-text reference.

Citing in APA format

1. A work by two authors. Name both authors in the parentheses whenever their
work is cited. Use the word “and” between the authors’ names within the text and use
the ampersand (&) in the parentheses.

Research is... (Robinson & Levin, 1997) Robinson and Levin (1997) discussed.

2. A work by three to five authors. Include the entire author's surname in

parentheses the first time the source is cited. Use the word and between the authors’
names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.

Kim, Song, Chang, Kang, and Park (2013) posited. . . Learning is... (Kim, Song, Chang,
Kang, & Park, 2013)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's surname followed by the words “et
al.” which means ‘and others’ in parentheses.

Kim et al. (2013) stated...

In et al., et should not be followed by a period.

3. Six or more authors. Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in parentheses.

Choi et al. (2013) reported…

However, if two sources have six or more authors but with some identical surnames,
cite the first author followed by as many names to distinguish one source from the other.

Orleans, Nueva Espajia, Palomar, Camacho, Avilla, Sotto (2014) suggested…

Orleans, Nueva Espafia, Palomar, Florentino, David, Abulon (2014) claimed...

In the subsequent citations, the following is observed:

Orleans, Nueva Espafia, Palomar, Camacho et al. (2014) argued...

Orleans, Nueva Espaiia, Palomar, Florentino et al. (2014) maintained...

4. Associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. as an author. If the

name of an association is the source, it should be cited as follows:

According to the Department of Education (2013)...

However, if the association has a well-known abbreviation, the abbreviation in brackets

is included the first time it appears and then only the abbreviation in later citations.

First citation: Commission on Higher Education [CHED] (2012)...

Second citation: CHED (2012)...

5. Citing indirect sources. If a source was mentioned in another source, the citation
is as follows:

Smith argued that... (as cited in Johnson, 2005, p. 92).

6. Electronic sources. Electronic documents are cited the same way as any other
document by using the author-date style.

Briones (2009) explained...

7. Citing websites. Websites are cited the same way as any other source, using the
author-date style if known. If there is no author, the title and the date are cited as the in-
text citation (for long titles, the first few words are cited). For sources with no date, “n.d”
(for no date) in place of the year is used.

Andrews, n.d.

In-text citation for website with no author

Bulacan has become a major link between large and concentered consumer
markets in the National Capital Region (NCR) or Metro Manila and the resource-rich
provinces of Northern Luzon (Provincial Government of Bulacan, 2007).

Reference entry for website with no author

 Provincial Government of Bulacan. (2007). Retrieved from
http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/business/products.php

In-text citation for section of website with no author

In addition, bamboo bike cannot be split in two because of having so much fiber
(“Philippine Bamboo Bikes Hit”, 2012).

Reference entry for section of a website with no author.

Philippine Bamboo Bikes Hit Market. (2012). Manila Bulletin. Retrieved from
httos://ph.news.yahoo.com/ philippine-bamboo-bikes-hitmarket1 54958087.html

APA Style Guide

Below are some of the general rules in the APA style guide (Paiz et al, 2016, 2014):

General Guidelines  Typewritten.

 Use double space.
 Use the standard paper size (8.5” x 11”).
 Have 1 – inch margin on all sides.
 Arial, Font size 12 is recommended
 Hanging Indent.
Short Quotations  Indicate the author, year, and page number or paragraph
number.
 Use quotation marks
 Example 1:
According to Reyes (2016, 1) “Research is a methodical process.”
Example 2:
She highlighted that “research is a methodical process” (Reyes,
2016, 1).

Long Quotations  Used for quotes with 40 words or more.

 Place in a text block. Begin in a new line, must be 0.5 inch
indented from the left margin,
 Example:
Reyes (2016,1) highlighted the following:
The choice of a research topic is one of the crucial
decisions of a researcher. One has to consider several
aspects such as one’s personal interests, and
curiosities, one’s skills in conducting research, access to
research sites, and possible research participants, and
practical considerations such as time and resources.

Paraphrase or  Indicate the author and year

Summary  Example 1:
According to Reyes (2016), research entails a rigorous procedure.
 Example 2:
Research entails a rigorous procedure (Reyes, 2016).

The table below shows how to do in-text citations and the reference list (Paiz, et al., 2014a,
2012, 2014c, 2015):

First-line Indent
Author, A.A. (Year of publication.) Title of Work: Subtitle of work. Location: Publisher

Hanging Indent
Author, A.A. (Year of publication.) Title of Work: Subtitle of work. Location: Publisher

In-text citation Reference List

One Author  Example 1  General guide:

Reyes (2016) highlighted… Author, A.A. (Year of
publication.) Title of Work:
 Example 2
Subtitle of work. Location:
… rigorous procedure (Reyes,
Publisher
2016).

 Example:
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative
research: A beginner’s
guide. Quezon City: ABC
Publishing.

Two Authors  Example 1  General guide

Reyes and Santos (2016) Author, A.A. & Author, B.B.
highlighted… (Year of publication.) Title of
Work: Subtitle of work.
 Example 2
Location: Publisher
… rigorous procedure (Reyes
& Santos, 2016)

 Example
Reyes, J.O., & Santos, M.I.
(2016). Qualitative
research: A beginner’s
guide. Quezon City: ABC
Publishing.

Three or more  Example 1  General guide:

authors Reyes, et al (2016) proposed… Author, A.A., Author, B.B., &
Author, C.C. (Year of
 Example 2
publication.) Title of Work:
… rigorous procedure (Reyes,
 et al, 2016) Subtitle of work. Location:
Publisher
 In succeeding citations:
… rigorous process (Reyes et
al., 2016)
 Example:
 Reyes, J.O., Santos, M.I., & Tan,
L.I., (2016). Qualitative
research: A beginner’s guide.
Quezon City: ABC Publishing.
Organization  Example 1: Use the title of the  General Guide:
work Name of the Organization. (Year
… of the population of publication). Title of work:
(Philippine Statistics Authority Subtitle of work. Location:
[PSA], 2016) Publisher.
 In succeeding citations:
… population (PSA, 2016)
 Example.
Philippine Statistics Authority/
(2016). Highlights of the
Philippine population 2015
census of population. Quezon
City: Philippine Statistics
Authority.

Two works  Example:  Include both authors in the

… rigorous procedures reference list
(Reyes, 2016; Tan, 2015)  Arrange alphabetically
Author, A.A. (Year of
publication). Title of work:
Subtitle of work. Location:
Publisher.

Author, B.B. (Year of

publication). Title of work:
Subtitle of work. Location:
Publisher.

 Example.
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative
research: A beginner’s
guide. Quezon City: ABC
Publishing.
 Tan, L.I. (2015). Basics of
research: Qualitative research.
Makati City: XYZ Publishing.

A. Books

Books  Follow the previous in-text  General guide:

citations examples depending Author, A.A. (Year of
on the positioning of citation publication). Title of book.
and number of authors. Location: Name of Publishing
Company.

 Example.
Cabreros, Bryan S. (2017).
Research made very very very
easy. Batangas City: Viva
Publishing House.

Encyclopedia  Example:  General guide:

…social science
(Encyclopedia Name, 2015)
 Example.
Author, A.A. (Year of
publication). Title of
encyclopedia entry.
Encyclopedia Name.
(Volume number, pages).
Location: Publisher.
Reyes, J.O. Qualitative. In
Research Encyclopedia. (7,1).
Quezon City: ABC
Publishing.

B. Unpublished Materials

Unpublished  Follow the previous in-text  General guide:

Thesis / Theses citations examples depending Author, A.A. (Years of
(plural) / on the positioning of citation publication). Title of thesis /
Dissertation and number of authors. dissertation (Unpublished thesis
or masteral thesis or doctoral
dissertation). Name of
Institution/School, Location.

 Example.
Cabreros, B.S. (2017). Project
STAMP : Student Tutors
Accreditation and Management
Program for Golden Gate
 University. (Unpublished
Masteral thesis). Golden Gate
Colleges, Batangas City.

C. Journal, Articles, and Magazines

Printed Journal,  Follow the previous in-text  General guide:

Article, citations examples depending Author, A.A. (Year of
Newspaper, or on the positioning of citation publication). Title of article. Title
magazine and number of authors. of journal or newspaper or
magazine, Volume number
(issue number), Pages.

 Example.
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative
methods in education. Journal on
research methods, 65 (no.5),1.

D. Electronic References

Online Journal  Follow the previous in-text  General guide with DOI:
citations examples depending Author, A.A. (Year of
on the positioning of citation publication). Title of article.
and number of authors. Title of journal, volume number,
page range. doi: 0000.
Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/00000

 Example.
Cabreros, B.S. (2018). Tracer
Study of GGC Graduates.
International Research
Journal on Education and
Social Sciences. Vol. 2, No.
2. pp. 45 – 65. doi:
10.1186/1472/-6939-3-4.
Retrieved from:
http://www.irjess.com/1472/-
6939-3-4

 General guide without DOI:

Author, A.A. (year of publication).
Title of article. Title of
journal, volume number.
 Retrieved from URL.

 Example.
Cabreros, B.S. (2018). Tracer
Study of GGC Graduates.
International Research
Journal on Education and
Social Sciences. Vol. 2, No.
2. pp. 45 – 65. Retrieved
from: http://www.irjess.com/1
472/-6939-3-4

Online books  Follow the previous in-text  General guide without DOI:
citations examples depending Author, A.A. (Year of
on the positioning of citation publication). Title of e- book.
and number of authors. Retrieved from URL.

 Example.
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative
research: A beginner’s
guide. Retrieved from
http://www.website.org.

Online Dictionary  Follow the previous in-text  General guide

citations examples depending Word Searched. (Year
on the positioning of citation searched). In title of
and number of authors. Dictionary. Retrieved from
URL.

 Example.
Devour. (2019). In Merriam –
Webster’s learners dictionary.
Retrieved from
http://www.meriam-
webster.com/dictio
nary/devour

Citing published interviews

To cite a published interview, follow the format for the source type in which it was published.

The author is usually the interviewer. The name of the person interviewed is not included in the citation or
in the reference list. However, it’s important to make it clear exactly who said what when you quote from
an interview conducted by someone else. In the following example, the citation incorrectly implies that the
quote is from Davenport:
The United States aims to return its space program to its former glory: “A big objective is to once again
launch American astronauts on American rockets from American soil” (Davenport, 2018, para. 20).
To make it clear that these are the words of the interviewee, not the interviewer, name the speaker
directly in the sentence:

The United States aims to return its space program to its former glory, as highlighted by NASA
Administrator Jim Bridenstine in a recent interview with the Washington Post: “A big objective is to once
again launch American astronauts on American rockets from American soil” (Davenport, 2018, para. 20).

Citing a newspaper interview

To cite an interview published in a newspaper, follow the standard newspaper format, listing the
interviewer in the author position.

APA format Interviewer name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Interview title. Newspaper Name. URL

APA Dundas, D. (2019, November 8). Zadie Smith on fighting the algorithm: “If you are under
reference 30, and you are able to think for yourself right now, God bless you.” Toronto Star.
entry shorturl.at/eiyzW

APA in-text (Dundas, 2019)

citation

Citing a podcast interview

To cite an interview from a podcast, follow the format for citing a podcast episode, listing the host in the
author position.

Host name, Initials. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title(No. Number). [Audio podcast

APA format
episode]. In Podcast Name. Production Company. URL

APA O’Brien, J. (Host). (2020, September 24). Margaret Atwood. [Audio podcast episode].
reference In Full Disclosure with James O’Brien. LBC.
entry https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/margaret-atwood/id1454408831?i=1000492394615

APA in-text (O’Brien, 2020)

citation

Citing an interview from YouTube

To cite an interview you viewed on YouTube, follow the standard format for citing a YouTube video. Note
that the person or organization that uploaded the video, rather than the person conducting the interview,
appears in the author position.

APA format Author name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. YouTube. URL

APA reference The New Yorker. (2018, April 4). Malcolm Gladwell explains where his ideas come
entry from [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/zvv8iFupg9M

APA in-text (The New Yorker, 2018)

citation