PITAC Ltd.

: Professor J M Peden

Completions and Workovers/ Introduction to Production Technology

PRODUCTION OPERATIONS GLOSSARY OF TERMS

A-Z A

TERM Annulus API Acid Frac

EXPLANATION Refer Annular Pressure American Petroleum Institute, which sets standards of quality and procedures for all field equipment and practices. The injection of acid into reservoir at a pressure, which exceeds the injection pressure into the formation. The migration of the acid into the reservoir is via a fracture. To inject acid into the reservoir to improve the conductivity of the rock either by dissolution of the matrix, or alternatively, dissolution of the material, which was plugging the reservoir pore space. To operate or initiate the operation of a device An alloy is a steel whose properties are modified by the addition of alloying elements, which typically are metals, which will enhance corrosion properties, strength or workability of a steel. The residual pressure remaining in the wellhead within the annulus between casing strings or between a casing and tubing at surface. The annular preventer is a device, which can close off the annular space around a tubing string, or wire inside a well. This provides a basic form of well closure and the ability to control reservoir pressure.

Acidise

Actuate Alloy

Annular Pressure Annular Preventer Asphaltene B BOP

The Blow-out Preventer is used in drilling and well intervention operations, such as wireline, coiled tubing and snubbing. It consists of a number of devices which allow isolation of the well cross sectional area at surface. The system normally consists of an annular preventer and a series of rams, which are designed to close off around pipe or wireline which is suspended through the B O P inside the well. A Barefoot completion is one in which a drilled hole is completed with all of the section open and available to contribute production into the well. The Barrier Policy refers to a number of means of restriction or preventing flow occurring to surface during a range of well operations such as drilling, completion and intervention. Normal requirements are for a number of barriers to exist in the flow path from the reservoir to the flowline at surface. These barriers could be mechanical, or hydraulic in the form of a fluid column which exerts a hydrostatic pressure greater than the reservoir pressure at the base of the well.

Barefoot

Barrier

GLOSSARY OF TERMS/Pitac Ltd

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PITAC Ltd.: Professor J M Peden

Completions and Workovers/ Introduction to Production Technology

Beta Ratio

The Beta Ratio is a measure of the extent to which particles are removed from a liquid system. The ratio defines the percentage of particles removed to the percentage concentration of particles in place. A Bonded Seal is a seal ring which achieves sealing within a seal bore because of its outside diameter being fractionally larger than the I.D. of the sealed bore. It is similar to an O ring seal and is mounted on a slot on a seal stack. The Box refers to the female threaded coupling section. A Braided Cable is a multi strand spirally wound cable used for wireline operations. In some cases, it has a copper core and acts as a signal conductor to surface. A Bridge Plug is an isolation packer which can be run down through casing, or in some cases, through tubing, and when set provides effective hydraulic and mechanical isolation of a tubular system. The Bridge Plug is principally run down on wireline or on coiled tubing. Bridging refers to the physical process by which particulates will collectively bridge or seal pore throats, thus restricting fluid inflow through the borehole wall. This term refers to a pressure signal which is achieved when a cement plug is landed in place and indicates a position of the cement column during primary cementing of a casing. Burst refers to the failure load condition on a tubular where the external pressure exceeds the internal pressure and leads to rupturing of the tubular system.

Bonded Seal

Box Braided Cable

Bridge Plug

Bridging

Bump

Burst

C.C.L. This electromagnetic tool created a magnetic field which is a function of Casing Column the tubular wall thickness, and is therefore used to identify the location Locator of casing or tubing couplings for depth control. C.E.T. Cement Evaluation Tool (Schlumberger) Cap (Tree) Capacitance Tool This is an acoustic tool which measures the compressive strength of materials in annuli outside casing

Tree Cap is placed on top of a Xmas tree to effectively seal off the top. A Capacitance Tool is a production logging tool which measures the electrical conductivity of capacitance of fluid. As such, it can be used to measure the density of fluids, and in particular water cut even in wells at high angles. Carbon steel is manufactured by combining carbon and steel and heating them to high temperatures where the mixture becomes molten and diffuses.

Carbon Steel

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Completions and Workovers/ Introduction to Production Technology

Check Valve

A Check Valve is a valve designed to eliminate flow in a specific direction. It could be used as either a one-way check valve or a two way system. This is an angled seal unit manufactured from a pliable material which can provide extension to a seal bore wall under the application of a differential pressure. Choke refers to the process of throttling flow and creating back pressure. This operation is conducted at surface and in some cases is additionally installed subsurface. Clay is a mineral often found in the majority of clastic reservoirs and comprises a mixture of sodium, aluminium and other mineral hydroxides. This is the process of bringing a well into production following a completion or workover and refers to establishing steady-state flow conditions and removal of any new wellbore damage or invasion effects. Coiled Tubing is a continuous reel of tubing which is used for a range of intervention and production operations. The tubing is available in sizes of less than 1" to approx. 7" diameter. Collapse is a tubing failure mode where the tubing wall is unable to withstand a high differential pressure course applied across the wall, caused by a higher external, compared to internal, pressure. A Collet is a small lock ring or latch which can be engaged to physically/ mechanically lock two pieces of equipment together. This refers to Concentric Workover unit which is a tubular system designed to be run down the inside of production tubing or casing. Its main function is to allow concentric access for workover operations without the need to remove the production tubing. This is a proprietary screen to provide sand control and is based upon a mechanical slot configuration to provide bridging of sand grains. Damage is impairment created to the productivity or injectivity of a well. It typically results in a reduction in the fluid mobility in the near wellbore region. Dissolvers such as scale dissolvers are chemical fluids used to remove solid precipitates of particles. This is a grease applied to a tubular coupling (A.P.I couplings) and is designed to seal off the channel through the thread section hydraulically.

Chevron Seal

Choke

Clay

Clean-up

Coiled Tubing

Collapse

Collet Concentric (w/o)

Conslot

Damage

Dissolver Dope

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Completions and Workovers/ Introduction to Production Technology

Dry Tree

This is a subsea tree system, whereby the Xmas tree is installed within a hyperbaric or one atmosphere chamber on the seabed. Access to the tree for repair work is achieved by re-entry to the chamber. This is a small sleeve, normally installed in hole control devices such as subsurface safety valves or site pocket mandrels during completion operations. Its function is to protect the seal bore surface, and will be replaced by the control valve at a later stage. An elastomer is a long chain hydrocarbon molecule which is polymerised. Emulsion is a dispersal of two fluids which are immiscible. The high surface tension creates rigidity in the disperse phase and gives rise to high viscosity. This is the process of one tool system entering the appropriate profile in another device. These are premium sand control screens, which consist of a series of layers of wire mesh that will provide bridging and removal of sand particles from the flow screen. Expandable screens and liners refer to tubular systems that can be run downhole and their effective O.D. can be increased by the defamation subsurface using a polymer or pressure. A Baker F Nipple is a positive isolation nipple, normally deployed at the base of the tubing string in the tailpipe and is used to accept monitoring or isolation equipment. Flowing bottomhole pressure Fish refers to an object which has been accidentally lost or dropped into a well during drilling, production or workover phases. The Fish could either be pipe, a tool or wire. Flange is a circular face which can be used to bolt or clamp equipment together. In most oilfield applications, flanges such as those on wellheads and Xmas trees will have a circular seal ring placed between the flange faces which will be compressed. Flow meter measures the volumetric flow rate. In production and injection wells flow meters are run into the well on either a continuous or a static basis and measure the volumetric flow rate by linking the rotational speed of a spinner using an electrical current, generated by electromagnets. The Fluid cushion refers to the hydraulic placement of a column of lightweight fluid placed within production tubing from surface to a specific depth to reduce the bottomhole pressure at the base of the

Dummy

Elastomer Emulsion

Engage Excluda Screens (Baker Oil Tools) Expandable

F Nipple

F.B.H.P Fish

Flange

Flow meter

Fluid cushion

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well. This is necessary to allow the well to flow in either a production or test situation. Flux Rate Frac This refers to the volumetric or mass flow rate of fluid which enters a borehole, typically through the borehole wall at the base of the well. A well is fractured or fracced when the pore pressure within the rock is increased to a level which exceeds the sum of both the minimum stress and tensile strength of the formation. The well fractures or cracks open due to this hydraulic pressure. Since the rock is elastic, the fracture will close unless it is filled or propped with a material, or the fracture face is acidised. A Frac Pack is a short or limited depth of fracture which is created and is then packed with a proppant or resin coated sand. The objective of the Frac pack is to promote flow in the near-wellbore region with less pressure drop and thus alleviate inertial stresses created by the fluid flow through the formation. Flowing tubing head pressure A Gamma ray tool measures the natural radioactivity of a formation which is indicative of the clay or shale content of the formation. The tool is used as an indicator of cleanliness of the sandstone, but is also used for depth correlation. A Gooseneck is a radius arm which is used in coiled tubing operations, to allow the coiled tubing to be bent from horizontal to vertical to allow its injection and retrieval from the well. Gardiomanometer is a production logging tool which measures the hydrostatic head over a 2-3 ft spacing and as such allows the density of the fluid at that depth to be interpreted. A Grapple is a fishing tool which is designed to engage around the neck of devices which are run, typically, on wireline or coiled tubing. A Gravel Pack refers to a sand control completion in which a wirewrap screen is placed within an open or cased hole and a gravel is circulated into the annulus between them. The wirewrap screen is designed to retain the gravel and the gravel offers a pore throat size which will restrict the movement of the production sand. An H-member is a tubular coupling which offers an H configuration and is used in completions such as those for T.F.L., thus allowing U tubing between one string and another. The injector head on a coiled tubing system provides the thrust and pull capacity to both inject and retrieve coiled tubing from the well. It typically consists of a series of chains with gripper blocks.

Frac pack

FTHP G Gamma Ray

Gooseneck

Gradiomanometer Grapple Gravel Pack

H-Member

Injector head

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PITAC Ltd.: Professor J M Peden

Completions and Workovers/ Introduction to Production Technology

Inhibitor

An Inhibitor is intended to restrict or impair the deposition of precipitating material such as scales, wax, asphaltene or to reduce or prevent acidic corrosion inside wells.

J K Kill Operations Kill refers to an operation conducted to re-establish a hydrostatic overbalance of the pressure in a borehole above that in the reservoir pore pressure. It is part of a barrier policy which will be required during workovers. Kill weight refers to the weight of a fluid required to effect hydraulic overbalance. This refers to the process of positioning tubulars or hangers inside the well and the transference of some of all of the suspended weight. A Liner typically refers to a short section of casing which is run across a hole section, but terminates inside the shoe of the previous casing. There is a degree of overlap between the top of the liner and the bottom of the previous casing. This refers to the length of liner which exists above the base of the casing and is typically of the order of 500-1000 ft. This refers to the rubber veined pressure seals which are used through flow line operations as a piston unit to harness the hydraulic pressure and cause the tool string to be pushed down or retrieved from the well. A Thread Lubricant is designed to ease make-up for the tubular connection and to allow maximum make-up to the required engagement without excessive torque. A Lubricator is a length of high pressure joints which are screwed together and assembled above the wellhead or Xmas tree to allow wireline or coiled tubing operations to be conducted with a live well, i.e. tubing head pressure on the well. The Lubricator can be disconnected from the wellhead to allow the tool to be inserted and positioned above the well, prior to its being run concentrically down the inside. Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure Maximum Allowable Tubing Head Pressure Mean Time To Failure This defines the time required prior to mechanical failure of a component. A Mandrel (lock Mandrel) is a tubular device which is run down concentrically within a production tubing and is designed to both mechanically engage and seal within the bore of a nipple profile. Its

Kill Weight

Land off (out) Liner

Liner Lab Locomotive Unit Lubricant (Thread) Lubricator

M.A.A.S.P M.A.T.H.P M.T.T.F. Mandrel

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purpose is to allow the transportation and suspension of a flow control device in the well. Manifold Mill-out Extension Collection of pipes which are brought together and joined to allow comingling of fluids or their distribution. In permanent packer applications, it is necessary to mill-out the section of the packer which holds the top set of slips in place prior to its retrieval. The Mill-out extension is a small sub placed underneath the permanent packer, as part of the tailpipe, and allows engagement of the catch sleeve with a packer milling tool, such that the packer can be milled and retrieved in one trip. A Mineral Acid is a high strength acid such as hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid, used in well acidisation. The mineral acid refers to the halogen element, which is part of the acidic system. A nipple is a small section of a tubular joint which is threaded to both ends and is made up as an integral part of the tubing string during the running of the completion. The nipple offers an internal recess within its bore and a seal bore beneath it. Nipples are installed at strategic points in the production tubing and are designed to accept the installation of a flow control device using a mandrel. No Go refers to a shoulder, typically within a nipple profile, which offers a minimum bore restriction within that profile, and thus allows land-out of lock mandrels within the profile. Normalise refers to the process of allowing steel to cool from its molten state to ambient conditions without force convection or quenching. Ovality defines the extent to which a circular tube has an oval crosssection, and is particularly relevant to tubing such as coil tubing, which is wound on a drum. Overbalance refers to the condition in which the bottomhole hydrostatic pressure exceeds the pressure in the formation at that depth. Overpull refers to the amount of tensile load which is required or applied in excess of the design figure. An overshot is a fishing tool which has an internal grapple or spiral within its section and is run over the top of a fish and upon putting tension, engages and retrieves the fish. A Pack off is a seal which is usually placed or injected around the neck of a tubular component. Packer is a completion component which is used to provide isolation of the annulus between the tubing and the casing or liner. In some cases,

Mineral Acid

Nipple

No Go

Normalise

Ovality

Overbalance Overpull Overshot

Pack off Packer

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the packer can be set in openhole conditions. Packer Fluid Perforate A Packer Fluid fills the annulus between the tubing and the casing in a production or injection well, and is placed above the packer. Perforating is required to provide hydraulic communication between the wellbore and the reservoir in situations where a liner or casing has been run, cemented and thus isolates the formations within the reservoir from the borehole. A Perforated Tube is a section of tubing which is normally pre-drilled at surface and offers fluid access into the tubing through, for example, the tailpipe. A Permanent packer is designed such that it cannot be retrieved by simply reversing the setting process. The design typically involves an opposing set of slips and as such, locks the packer in place and allows it to withstand high differential pressures and forces form either above or below. This normally defines the amount of weight or tensile load which is pulled on a string during running or retrieval operations. A Plastic is a dense, elastomeric material which provides seal integrity. The material is not pliable, but can be deformed under high load conditions. Plug refers to an end cap placed across a lock mandrel which is run down and installed inside a nipple profile.

Perforated Tube Permanent Packer

Pick Up Plastic

Plug Power Swivel Premium Seal Premium Thread

A Premium Thread is a threaded coupling on a tubing system which is designed to provide high pressure sealing, particularly for gas wells. A Premium thread provides a full circumventional seal in the thread section, either by having a metal to metal face or some form of elastomeric seal ring. Production Log is a logging tool or tools which are run into a well which is on production or injection, and is used as a diagnostic system. The log can either be run in an open or cased hole. Pseudo Damage refers to the completion skin factors which account for the modified geometry of an actual well compared to that assumed in a vertical radial flow well, which fully penetrates the reservoir. A Pulling Tool is used in wireline and coiled tubing operations to retrieve a lock mandrel from the well. Pump down tools can be installed inside tubing and production strings using hydraulic pressure.

Production Log

Pseudo Damage Pulling Tool Pump down

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Pup (joint)

A Pup Joint is a short length of tubing, normally between 2 and 20ft and is used to facilitate space-out and positioning of equipment. This is a process used in manufacturing carbon steels whereby the steel upon hardening is then placed on a bath of water or other fluid to accelerate cooling. This refers to couplings, such as those used on a bottom lubricator joint to allow quick and safe connection to the wellhead. Baker R Nipple a positive locking non-selective nipple profile, typically used as a tailpipe component for installing flow control devices. A Ram refers to a piece of well control equipment which is normally part of a blow-out preventer stack. The Ram could either be designed to close-off the wellbore around a particular size of pipe or wire, or could be designed to shear or close-off the entire well cross-sectional area. This refers to a packer system which can be easily pulled from the wellbore, normally by reversing the setting process. In many cases, a retrieval packer is uni-directional, and can only withstand force or differential pressure from one direction. To pull from the tubing or the well Ring Gasket is normally designed as a circular seal system placed between the flanges on a wellhead. A ring gasket is compressed and provides a seal to prevent the release of fluids. This is a generic term used to refer to a pipe which is installed on top of a well and allows fluids and tools to be pulled back to a rig above the well. To lower into the well Straightener is used in coiled tubing operations to alleviate the curvature of the pipe such that it is straight prior to injections through the injector head. Standard Cubic Feet as measured at 1 atmosphere pressure and 60oF. Side Pocket Mandrel Sliding Side Door Stop Tank Barrel A barrel of fluid measured at standard conditions of 1 atmosphere and 60oF. This is a valve used to provide closure of a well stream.

Quench

Quick Release

R Nipple Ram

Retrieval Packer

Retrieve Ring Gasket

Riser

Run In Straightener

S.C.F. S.P.M S.S.D. S.T.B. Safety Valve

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Scale

An inorganic precipitate created by the mixing of incompatible fluids, typically water, and their flow towards a zone of lower temperature and pressure where the solubility limit is exceeded. Screen-out occurs during hydraulic fracturing treatments when the granular material or proppant can no longer be injected into the fracture, and therefore accumulates at a restriction such as the perforation tunnel or in the mouth of the fracture itself. Screens refer to a range of tubular devices which are run into the bottom of a well and are designed to restrict the movement of solids with produced fluids from the reservoir. A means of sealing one component within another. The seal can either be a deformable material, such as an elastomer or could be a metal to metal seal. A series of seals, typically located on one tubular component, either internally or externally which is then engaged into another tubular system. The tubular surface, for example within a packer, in which a seal assembly will engage. A Selective (as in nipple profile) refers to a nipple profile system in which a number of positions can be entered, thus allowing a series of similar size nipple profiles to be installed inside the same tubing string at different depths. This refers to the amount of weight or force applied, for example, to a packer during installation. A pin typically used to hold components together that can be sheared out by load conditions created either mechanically or hydraulically. This refers to an operating tool used in coiled tubing and wireline operations which is run down inside a device such as a sliding side door or sliding sleeve, and is used to move the inner sleeve either upwards or downwards. Side Outlet is an opening on the side of spools and housings to which is attached a tube, a flange and a valve. It allows hydraulic access to tubular annuli. Skin Factor is used to mathematically define the impact on well performance due to imposed geometrical or damage which results in reduced fluid conductivity within the reservoir. Slick Plug refers to a system used to install a plug inside a well, typically without the need for a nipple profile. Slickline is a wireline system used for well servicing and refers to a single strand cable.

Screen-out

Screens

Seal

Seal Assembly

Sealbore Selective

Set Down Shear Pin Shifting Tool

Side Outlet

Skin Factor

Slick Plug Slickline

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Completions and Workovers/ Introduction to Production Technology

Slips Snubbing

Slips are a series of tapered segments which are used within a bowl to allow pipe to be landed off inside the hanger bowl. The capacity to push pipe into a well against a positive tubing head pressure. The positive tubing head pressure will provide an upwards force which has to be overcome to allow the pipe to be inserted. To position tubular components to provide a specified amount of space, such that movement of the pipe can be accepted, for example, in positioning seal assemblies to accommodate expansion and contraction. Splined Unit consists of two tubular components which have a splined surface, and when engaged allow relative motion in the actual direction, but can also allow torque to be applied via the spline units. It is used in some multiple string completions to allow space-out but also to allow rotation. To push one component onto another, for example a seal assembly into a packer bore. These are used on hydraulic workovers and provide for pipe retrieval from the well. This is a term used to define a sub-set of safety valves which is actuated by a change in the flowing conditions sub-surface, namely bottomhole pressure or flowrate. A temporary sand exclusion screen which can be run into the well retrospectively and landed off the tailpipe to provide sand control. These refer to premium screens supplied by Pall Well Technology. This is a valve installed as a part of the tubing string whose function is to provide emergency downhole shut-off to prevent a catastrophic release of fluids or pressures at surface. Swab is the process of inducing flow from a well by creating a piston effect at the base of the well by reciprocation. Closed-in Tubing Head Pressure Flowing Tubing Head Pressure Tubing conveyed perforating. This refers to the process of lowering a perforating gun on tubing into the well. The tubing could be either conventional production tubing or a drillpipe running string or coiled tubing. Thru-flow Line or pump down for which a tool string comprising tools comparable to conventional wireline tools is hydraulically pushed down the inside of a flow line and into the tubing string. Reversal of flow

Space-out

Splined Unit

Stab In Stationery / Travelling Slips Storm Choke

StratacoilTM StratapackTM Sub-surface Safety Valve Swab

CITHP FTHP TCP

TFL

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allows retrieval of the tool string. It is clearly a well servicing technique for subsea wells. THP Tag Tubing Head Pressure Tag refers to the process of lowering pipe into the hole until it contacts the sealbore or packer. It may also refer to the process of placing a radioactive tracer into a slurry which allows monitoring of its progress. This refers to a second or last portion of a slurry, such as cement in a primary cement job, or a fractured treatment. In fracturing, a tail proppant often is going to be either a higher US mesh size providing higher conductivity, or maybe may consist of resin coated gravel which will thermally set upon placement and lock the proppant into the fracture. This is a length of tubing at the base of the completion string and is suspended either directly from the packer or from the tubing itself. It contains a series of devices that provide isolation and monitoring capabilities. Tell tale is a screen which is run in gravel packing at the bottom and / or the top of the main screen system. It provides indications of gravel placement into the annulus behind the screen, and the presence of a reserve of gravel which will protect the entire main screen upon jailbreak. This refers to the process of working mechanically the steel to improve its strength and machinable properties. A template is a base used to allow construction of the well by lowering the individual casing strings and subsequent production tubing with its wellhead onto the base of the seabed. Refers to the tensile weight of tubing, pipe or tools suspended from a string of tubing or wire. As in perforations, refers to the end of the perforation tunnel which is created into the formation. Tip Screen-out refers to the process in sand control or propped hydraulic fracturing in which the proppant, when injected, bridges at the tip and compacts from there back towards the wellbore. Tool trap is typically located at the bottom of a wireline lubricator. It consists of a string loaded pin which is actuated once a tool has been pulled through the wireline BOP into the lubricator. Its function is to prevent loss of the tool if the wire breaks at the rope socket when it comes into contact with the top of the lubricator. Refers to a device which will count the number of rotations which pipe undergoes when threads are engaged and torque is applied. it is imperative in the case of premium type threads that clean threads are provided which allow the required torque make-up.

Tail

Tailpipe

Tell Tale

Temper Template

Tensile Load Tip Tip Screen-out

Tool Trap

Torque Turn

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Tubing Head

Tubing Head refers to the top of completion string, refer CITHP and FTHP. This refers to the hydraulic process of circulating between 2 tubing strings providing an annulus, for example, the tubing and the annulus between the casing and the tubing. Is the Ultrasonic Imaging Tool and uses ultrasonics to monitor the near wellbore integrity and bonding around a casing string.

U-Tube

USI TM Schlumberger Underbalance V VAM

Refers to a series of threads which were developed by a Company called Fallourec primarily to provide high pressure sealing for gas wells. They are a commonly used premium thread for high pressure and premium applications. V Packing refers to a circular packing element which has a V cross section. Ring elements are placed in opposing orientations which when energised by pressure between them, provide a seal which is resilient to differential pressure from either direction. An energised V packing will provide drag when the tool, for example the wireline tool, is pulled out of a nipple profile. This is a heavy end deposit from a paraffinic crude and typically consists of high molecular weight components. The solubility of the wax decreases with declining temperature and as such, the wax can deposit out of the liquid oil system inside the tubing string. Weight set refers to the process of achieving setting of devices such as packers by either slacking off or pulling weight, ie tension, on the string. The transfer of the weight or tensile load through a setting mandrel will achieve setting of the packer elements and slips. Wellhead refers to the system which is used to allow construction mechanically of the well and allows the suspension of the individual casing strings sequentially into the well as the hole is deepened and the bit size reduces. This refers to the control valves which are located on the side outlets of a Xmas tree or wellhead spool. They are commonly utilised as production or flow wing and kill wing valves on the Xmas tree. This refers to the process which utilises either single strand wire (piano wire) or braided cable consisting of a number of wires twisted together, which can be manufactured with or without a central copper conductor for data transmitter. The process is used to lower, install and operate tools within the wellbore. A Wireline Valve is a colloquial term used to refer to the wireline BOP used to provide closure of the lubricator against either the openhole or

V Packing

Wax

Weight Set

Wellhead

Wing Valve

Wireline

Wireline Valve

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with the wire in place. Wirewrap Screen A Wirewrap Screen consists of a predrilled base pipe as around its outside surface is wrapped a wire. The closeness of spacing of the wraps provides a predetermined slot size which can be useful for sand control or gravel pack operations. This refers to the process of manipulating a solidifying steel through heat and mechanical processes to modify its strength requirements and corrosion susceptibility. A Workover primarily refers to an intervention process which involves the retrieval of production tubing to allow its replacement or the replacement of individual components. This is a flow control device which is landed out on top of the wellhead and provides control hydraulically of fluid movement into and out of the well, as well as all mechanical access down the inside of the tubing, for example, wireline tools. Xmas tree consists of master valves, swamp valves and wing valves. The X Nipple refers to a range of wireline nipple systems for smaller tubing sizes, typically 3 inch or less in diameter. It is available as primarily a selective nipple profile with corresponding mandrels to allow positioning and installation of equipment inside the well. Y Spool refers to a spool system which is used on a wellhead or on a Xmas tree, and is bored out in the form of a Y. In this way, the fluid or fluid exit from the Xmas tree is reduced in severity, in terms of its angular change, and this results in less pressure drop and impingement which would result in erosion. Yield, as in strength, refers to the amount of force typically tensile load or pressure which is required to create collapse or tensile failure of the pipe. This is frequently referred to as the minimum Yield Strength and is the minimum tensile load at which the pipe will fail in tensile mode.

Work (Steel)

Workover

Xmas Tree

X Nipple TM Halliburton

Y Spool

Yield

Yield Strength

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