Second Edition

POWER SYSTEM
OPTIMIZATION
D.P. Kothari • J.S. Dhillon
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
Power System Optimization
SECOND EDITION

D.P. KOTHARI
Vice Chancellor, VIT University, Vellore
and
Former Director-in-Charge
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

J.S. DHILLON
Professor
Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Deemed-to-be-University)
Longowal, Punjab

New Delhi-110001
2011
POWER SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION, Second Edition
D.P. Kothari and J.S. Dhillon

© 2011 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the
publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4085-5

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Fifth Printing (Second Edition) ... ... ... ... November, 2010

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana-124507.
To my grandchildren, Aditi, Anushri and Anirudh
— D.P. Kothari
To my father, Sh. Harcharan Singh Dhillon
— J.S. Dhillon
 Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................................................ xiii

Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................................ xv

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1–11

1.1 A Perspective ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 The Components of a Power System ................................................................................ 2
1.3 Power System and Computers ............................................................................................ 3
1.4 Planning and Operating Problems ..................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Resource and Equipment Planning ........................................................................ 4
1.4.2 Operation Planning ................................................................................................. 5
1.4.3 Real-Time Operation .............................................................................................. 5
1.5 Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks ..................................................................... 6
1.6 Fuzzy Theory in Power Systems ....................................................................................... 6
1.7 Evolutionary Algorithms .................................................................................................... 7
References ................................................................................................................................... 11

2. Load Flow Studies ............................................................................................................. 12–134

2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Network Model Formulation ............................................................................................ 14
2.3 YBUS Formulation .............................................................................................................. 17
2.3.1 No Mutual Coupling between Transmission Lines ............................................ 17
2.3.2 Mutual Coupling between Transmission Lines ................................................... 18
2.4 Node Elimination in ZBUS ................................................................................................ 21
2.5 ZBUS Formulation .............................................................................................................. 23
2.5.1 No Mutual Coupling between Transmission Lines ............................................ 23
2.5.2 Mutual Coupling between Transmission Lines ................................................... 29
2.6 Load Flow Problem .......................................................................................................... 44
2.6.1 Slack Bus/Swing Bus/Reference Bus .................................................................. 46
2.6.2 PQ Bus/Load Bus ................................................................................................. 47
2.6.3 PV Bus/Generator Bus.......................................................................................... 47
2.6.4 Voltage-Controlled Buses ..................................................................................... 47
2.6.5 Limits ..................................................................................................................... 47
vii
viii Contents

2.7 Computation of Line Flows ............................................................................................. 48

2.8 Modelling of Regulating Transformers ........................................................................... 49
2.9 Gauss–Seidel Method ....................................................................................................... 53
2.10 Newton–Raphson Method ................................................................................................ 66
2.11 Decoupled Newton Method.............................................................................................. 83
2.12 Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) ................................................................................ 95
2.13 Initial Guess for Load Flow .......................................................................................... 105
2.14 DC System Model .......................................................................................................... 109
2.15 AC–DC Load Flow ........................................................................................................ 113
2.16 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 117
References ................................................................................................................................. 133

3. Economic Load Dispatch of Thermal Generating Units ........................................... 135–248

3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 135
3.2 Generator Operating Cost ............................................................................................... 136
3.3 Economic Dispatch Problem on a Bus Bar .................................................................. 137
3.3.1 Limit Constraint Fixing ...................................................................................... 139
3.4 Optimal Generation Scheduling ..................................................................................... 142
3.5 Economic Dispatch Using Newton–Raphson Method .................................................. 149
3.6 Economic Dispatch Using the Approximate Newton–Raphson Method..................... 154
3.7 Economic Dispatch Using Efficient Method ............................................................... 157
3.8 Classical Method to Calculate Loss Coefficients ......................................................... 162
3.9 Loss Coefficient Calculation Using YBUS ...................................................................... 172
3.10 Loss Coefficients Using Sensitivity Factors ................................................................. 176
3.10.1 DC Load Flow .................................................................................................... 176
3.10.2 Power Loss in a Line ......................................................................................... 177
3.10.3 Generation Shift Distribution (GSD) Factors.................................................... 178
3.10.4 Generalized Generation Shift Distribution (GGSD) Factor ............................. 179
3.10.5 Derivation of GGDF ........................................................................................... 179
3.10.6 Evaluation of B-Coefficients .............................................................................. 181
3.11 Transmission Loss Coefficients ..................................................................................... 184
3.12 Transmission Loss Formula: Function of Generation and Loads ............................... 188
3.13 Economic Dispatch Using Exact Loss Formula ........................................................... 189
3.14 Economic Dispatch Using Loss Formula Which is Function of Real and
Reactive Power ............................................................................................................... 198
3.15 Economic Dispatch for Active and Reactive Power Balance ...................................... 203
3.16 Evaluation of Incremental Transmission Loss .............................................................. 208
3.16.1 Alternative Method to Evaluate Incremental Loss ........................................... 211
3.17 Economic Dispatch Based on Penalty Factors ............................................................. 212
3.18 Optimal Power Flow Based on Newton Method ......................................................... 218
3.18.1 Limits on Variables ............................................................................................ 223
3.18.2 Decoupled Method for Optimal Power Flow ................................................... 233
3.19 Optimal Power Flow Based on Gradient Method ........................................................ 236
3.19.1 Inequality Constraints on Control Variables ..................................................... 239
3.19.2 Inequality Constraints on Dependent Variables ................................................ 239
References ................................................................................................................................. 245
 Contents ix

4. Optimal Hydrothermal Scheduling ............................................................................... 249–324

4.1 Introdcution ..................................................................................................................... 249
4.1.1 Classification of Hydro Plants ........................................................................... 250
4.1.2 Long-Range Problem .......................................................................................... 252
4.1.3 Short-Range Problem .......................................................................................... 253
4.2 Hydro Plant Performance Models ................................................................................. 253
4.2.1 Glimn–Kirchmayer Model .................................................................................. 254
4.2.2 Hildebrand’s Model ............................................................................................ 254
4.2.3 Hamilton–Lamonts’s Model ............................................................................... 254
4.2.4 Arvanitidis–Rosing Model .................................................................................. 255
4.3 Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling ..................................................... 255
4.3.1 Thermal Model.................................................................................................... 255
4.3.2 Hydro Model ....................................................................................................... 256
4.3.3 Equality and Inequality Constraints ................................................................... 256
4.3.4 Transmission Losses ........................................................................................... 257
4.3.5 Discrete Form of Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydrothermal
Scheduling Problem ............................................................................................ 258
4.3.6 Initial Guess ........................................................................................................ 261
4.3.7 Alternative Method for Initial Guess................................................................. 262
4.4 Newton–Raphson Method for Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling ..... 267
4.5 Approximate Newton–Raphson Method for Short-Range Fixed-Head
Hydrothermal Scheduling ............................................................................................... 272
4.6 Short-Range Variable-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling—Classical Method................ 282
4.6.1 Thermal Model.................................................................................................... 284
4.6.2 Hydro Model ....................................................................................................... 284
4.6.3 Reservoir Dynamics ............................................................................................ 284
4.6.4 Equality and Inequality Constraints ................................................................... 285
4.6.5 Transmission Losses ........................................................................................... 285
4.6.6 Discrete Form of Short-Range Variable-Head Hydrothermal
Scheduling Problem ............................................................................................ 286
4.6.7 Approximate Newton–Raphson Method for Hydrothermal Generations ........ 288
4.6.8 Initial Guess ........................................................................................................ 290
4.7 Approximate Newton–Raphson Method for Short-Range Variable-Head
Hydrothermal Scheduling ............................................................................................... 292
4.8 Hydro Plant Modelling for Long-Term Operation ....................................................... 303
4.8.1 Hydro Plants on Different Water Streams ........................................................ 304
4.8.2 Hydro Plants on the Same Water Stream ......................................................... 305
4.8.3 Multi-Chain Hydro Plants .................................................................................. 307
4.8.4 Pumped Storage Plants ....................................................................................... 309
4.9 Long-Range Generation Scheduling of Hydrothermal Systems .................................. 310
4.9.1 Fuel Cost ............................................................................................................. 310
4.9.2 Water Storage Equation...................................................................................... 311
4.9.3 Hydro Generation ............................................................................................... 311
4.9.4 Power Balance Equation .................................................................................... 311
4.9.5 Optimal Control Strategy ................................................................................... 313
4.9.6 Direct Root Method ............................................................................................ 315
References ................................................................................................................................. 322
x Contents

5. Multiobjective Generation Scheduling .......................................................................... 325–390

5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 325
5.2 Multiobjective Optimization—State-of-the-Art ............................................................. 326
5.2.1 Weighting Method .............................................................................................. 328
5.2.2 Min-Max Optimum ............................................................................................. 328
5.2.3 e-Constraint Method [Haimes, 1977] ................................................................ 329
5.2.4 Weighted Min-Max Method [Charalambous, 1989] ......................................... 330
5.2.5 Utility Function Method [Rao, 1987] ................................................................ 330
5.2.6 Global Criterion Method [Osyczka and Davies, 1984] .................................... 330
5.3 Fuzzy Set Theory in Power Systems ............................................................................ 333
5.3.1 Basics of Fuzzy Set Theory ............................................................................... 334
5.4 The Surrogate Worth Trade-Off Approach for Multiobjective Thermal
Power Dispatch Problem ................................................................................................ 337
5.4.1 Multiobjective Problem Formulation ................................................................. 337
5.4.2 The e-Constraint Method.................................................................................... 339
5.4.3 The Surrogate Worth Trade-Off (SWT) Function ............................................ 342
5.4.4 Utility Function ................................................................................................... 343
5.4.5 Test System and Results .................................................................................... 346
5.5 Multiobjective Thermal Power Dispatch Problem—Weighting Method ..................... 350
5.5.1 Decision Making ................................................................................................. 354
5.5.2 Sample System Study ......................................................................................... 354
5.6 Multiobjective Dispatch for Active and Reactive Power Balance .............................. 361
5.6.1 Sample System Study ......................................................................................... 367
5.7 Multiobjective Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling—Approximate
Newton–Raphson Method .............................................................................................. 369
5.7.1 Sample System .................................................................................................... 380
References ................................................................................................................................. 387

6. Stochastic Multiobjective Generation Scheduling ....................................................... 391–504

6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 391
6.2 Multiobjective Stochastic Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch—e-Constraint Method ... 393
6.2.1 Stochastic Problem Formulation ........................................................................ 393
6.2.2 Algorithm ............................................................................................................ 396
6.2.3 Application of the Method ................................................................................. 399
6.3 Multiobjective Stochastic Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch—The Surrogate
Worth Trade-Off Method ............................................................................................... 404
6.3.1 Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation .......................................... 405
6.3.2 Solution Procedure .............................................................................................. 407
6.3.3 Surrogate Worth Trade-Off Algorithm .............................................................. 410
6.3.4 Sample System Study ......................................................................................... 412
6.4 Multiobjective Stochastic Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch—Weighting Method ...... 417
6.4.1 Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation ........................ 417
6.4.2 Solution Approach .............................................................................................. 420
6.4.3 Decision Making ................................................................................................. 422
6.4.4 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 423
 Contents xi

6.5 Stochastic Economic-Emission Load Dispatch ............................................................. 427

6.5.1 Stochastic Economic-Emission Problem Formulation ...................................... 427
6.5.2 Solution Approach .............................................................................................. 429
6.5.3 Test System and Results .................................................................................... 431
6.6 Multiobjective Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch—Risk/Dispersion Method ............ 437
6.6.1 Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation .......................................... 438
6.6.2 The e-Constraint Method.................................................................................... 439
6.6.3 Parameter Sensitivity .......................................................................................... 440
6.6.4 Risk Index and Sensitivity Trade-Offs .............................................................. 441
6.6.5 Test System and Results .................................................................................... 445
6.7 Stochastic Multiobjective Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling ................................ 450
6.7.1 Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation ........................ 450
6.7.2 Solution Procedure .............................................................................................. 457
6.7.3 Decision Making ................................................................................................. 464
6.7.4 Test Systems and Results................................................................................... 465
6.8 Stochastic Multiobjective Long-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling ................................ 471
6.8.1 Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation ........................ 473
6.8.2 Optimal Control Strategy ................................................................................... 478
6.8.3 Sample System Study ......................................................................................... 483
6.9 Multiobjective Thermal Power Dispatch Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) ...... 488
6.9.1 Stochastic Economic-Emission Problem Formulation ...................................... 489
6.9.2 Membership Functions ....................................................................................... 491
6.9.3 Performance Index .............................................................................................. 493
6.9.4 Structure of ANN ............................................................................................... 494
6.9.5 Backpropagation Algorithm ............................................................................... 496
6.9.6 Sample System Study ......................................................................................... 497
References ................................................................................................................................. 500

7. Evolutionary Programming for Generation Scheduling ............................................ 505–593

7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 505
7.1.1 Coding ................................................................................................................. 506
7.2 Fitness Function .............................................................................................................. 508
7.3 Genetic Algorithm Operators ......................................................................................... 510
7.3.1 Reproduction ....................................................................................................... 510
7.3.2 Competition and Selection ................................................................................. 512
7.3.3 Crossover Operator ............................................................................................. 513
7.3.4 Mutation .............................................................................................................. 514
7.4 Random Number Generation ......................................................................................... 515
7.5 Economic Dispatch Problem .......................................................................................... 518
7.6 Genetic Algorithm Solution Methodology .................................................................... 520
7.6.1 Encoding and Decoding ..................................................................................... 520
7.6.2 Calculation for Generation and Transmission Losses ...................................... 521
7.6.3 Fitness Function and Parent Selection .............................................................. 522
7.7 Genetic Algorithm Solution Based on Real Power Search ......................................... 529
7.7.1 Encoding and Decoding ..................................................................................... 529
7.7.2 Fitness Function and Parent Selection .............................................................. 530
7.8 Economic Dispatch with Valve Point Loading ............................................................ 536
 Power System Optimization

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Author : KOTHARI, D.
Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120340855
P., DHILLON, J. S.

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