‫ ايمان زيو‬: ‫استادة‬ RESERVIOR DRIVE

Reservoir drive

The reservoir drive mechanism supplies the energy that moves the

hydrocarbon located in a reservoir container toward the wellbore as fluid

is removed near the wellbore. There are five common drive mechanisms:

Water drive. Gas expansion.

Reservoir properties

The reservoir rock properties that are of most interest to development

geologists and reservoir engineers (amongst others) are Porosity,

Compressibility, and Permeability. Compressibility is the rock property

that governs the relative change in the pore volume when pressure is

either increased or decreased.

Efficient in a gas reservoir

Reservoir-drive mechanisms include gas drive (gas cap or solution gas

drive), water drive (bottom water drive or edge water drive),

combination drive, and gravity drainage. Water drive is the most efficient

drive mechanism, followed by gas drive and gravity drainage. Reservoir-

drive mechanisms are also called natural drives.

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 ‫ ايمان زيو‬: ‫استادة‬ RESERVIOR DRIVE

Drive mechanism

The natural energy of a reservoir can be used to move oil and gas toward

the wellbore. Used in such a fashion, these sources of energy are

called drive mechanisms. Early determination and characterization of

the drive mechanism(s) present within a reservoir may allow a greater

ultimate recovery of hydrocarbon.

Types of primary recovery for an oil reservoir

There are three main types of enhanced oil recovery:

 Thermal Recovery. This is the most prevalent type of EOR in the USA

and works by heating the oil to reduce its viscosity and allowing easier

flow to the surface.

 Gas Injection.

 Chemical Injection.

Oil recovered

During primary recovery, the natural pressure of the reservoir or gravity

drive oil into the wellbore, combined with artificial lift techniques (such

as pumps) which bring the oil to the surface. But only about 10 percent of

a reservoir's original oil in place is typically produced during

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 ‫ ايمان زيو‬: ‫استادة‬ RESERVIOR DRIVE

primary recovery. a reservoir's original oil in place is typically produced

during primary recovery.

How can oil be recovered from a reservoir?

Secondary recovery from oil reservoirs is accomplished by injecting

fluids to augment natural energy. Secondary recovery is based on water

flooding, gas injection, or gas–water combination floods. EOR processes

include thermal, chemical, and miscible floods.

Primary recovery of oil

Primary oil recovery refers to the process of extracting oil either via the

natural rise of hydrocarbons to the surface of the earth or via pump jacks

and other artificial lift devices. Primary oil recovery is limited to

hydrocarbons that naturally rise to the surface, or those that use artificial

lift devices, such as pump jacks. Secondary recovery employs water and

gas injection, displacing the oil and driving it to the surface.

There are three main types of enhanced oil recovery:

 Thermal recovery

This is the most prevalent type of EOR in the USA and works by heating

the oil to reduce its viscosity and allowing easier flow to the surface.

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 ‫ ايمان زيو‬: ‫استادة‬ RESERVIOR DRIVE

 Gas Injection

 Chemical Injection

Secondary recovery of oil

Secondary extraction is a secondary recovery of petroleum after natural

forces no longer drive oil to the surface (Primary Extraction) that is the

most widely applied recovery technique by supplying external energy to

the reservoir by injecting fluids (water, natural gas, air, or carbon dioxide

reinjection and gas lift. 

Secondary and tertiary oil recovery methods

Secondary recovery employs water and gas injection, displacing

the oil and driving it to the surface. According to the US Department of

Energy, utilizing these two methods of production can leave up to 75% of

the oil in the well. The way to further increase oil production is through

the tertiary recovery method 

What is EOR in oil and gas?

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), also known as “tertiary recovery,” is a

process for extracting oil that has not already been retrieved through the

primary or secondary oil recovery techniques.

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 ‫ ايمان زيو‬: ‫استادة‬ RESERVIOR DRIVE

Enhanced oil recovery necessary

Whether it is used after both primary and secondary recovery have been

exhausted or at the initial stage of production, EOR restores formation

pressure and enhances oil displacement in the reservoir. There are three

main types of EOR, including chemical flooding, gas injection and

thermal recovery.

How does enhanced oil recovery work?

Enhanced oil recovery (abbreviated EOR), also called tertiary recovery, is

the extraction of crude oil from an oil field that cannot be extracted

otherwise. EOR can extract 30% to 60% or more of a reservoir's oil,

compared to 20% to 40% using primary and secondary recovery.

Thermal recovery of oil

Thermal recovery is used to produce viscous, thick oils with API

gravities less than 20. During thermal recovery, crude oil undergoes

physical and chemical changes because of the effects of the heat supplied.

Physical properties such as viscosity, specific gravity and interfacial

tension are altered.

The process of thermal oil in a heat generation system using

conventional industrial boiler or industrial biomass boiler. The heating of

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the thermal oil takes place through the heat generated by the combustion

of the biomass in the furnace of the boiler, or of the fuel (natural gas, oil,

fuel oil, etc.) in the burner.

Heavy oil recovery 

The main processes that use thermal methods for heavy oil recovery are

Steam methods, like Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), Steam Flooding

(SF) and Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), In-situ combustion

(ISC) and Hot water flood.

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Tar sand Bitumen

Tar sands (also known as oil sands) are a mixture of mostly sand, clay,

water, and a thick, molasses-like substance called bitumen. Bitumen is

made of hydrocarbons—the same molecules in liquid oil—and is used to

produce gasoline and other petroleum products.

Where is oil mined from?

Oil reserves are found all over the world. However, some have produced

more oil than others. The top oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia,

Russia, the United States, Iran, and China. In the United States,

petroleum is produced in 31 states.

What is mined oil used for?

Crude oil and other liquids produced from fossil fuels are refined

into petroleum products that people use for many different purposes.

Biofuels are also used as petroleum products, mainly in mixtures with

gasoline and diesel fuel. Petroleum is the largest U.S. energy source.

Is oil mining dangerous?

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 ‫ ايمان زيو‬: ‫استادة‬ RESERVIOR DRIVE

By any measure, drilling for oil and gas offshore is one of America's

most dangerous professions. The risks are unavoidable: workers are on

shift for an average of 12-hours a day dealing with highly combustible

materials on a platform where cranes swing heavy equipment constantly

overhead.

Steps of oil and natural gas extraction

1. STEP 1: Preparing the rig site

2. STEP 2: Drilling
3. STEP 3: Cementing and testing
4. STEP 4: Well Completion.
5. STEP 5: Fracking
6. STEP 6: Production and fracking fluid recycling
7. STEP 7: Well abandonment and land restoration

Main types of mining

Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types:

surface mining and sub-surface (underground) mining. Today, surface

mining is much more common, and produces, for example, 85%

of minerals (excluding petroleum and natural gas) in the United States,

including 98% of metallic ores.

Methods of mining
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1- Open-pit,

2- Underwater

3- Underground mining. These are the three main methods of mining we

use to extract our products from the ground.

How is the quality of crude oil determined?

The market value of an individual crude stream reflects

its quality characteristics Two of the most

important quality characteristics are density and sulfur content. Density

ranges from light to heavy, while sulfur content is characterized as sweet

or sour.

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