CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

Regarding the behavioral effects of anime, there is not much research that associates with

senior high school students. Some studies relate the stories of anime with archetypal and

mythological references in the field of theories. However, there is still no methodology for

anime’s audience analysis through psychology.

In the Philippines, Japanese animation has been influential since the 1970s during the time of

late President Ferdinand Marcos. According to Hassan, Salehuddin, and Aziz's (2016) study on

Anime and Its Impacts Among University Students, university students from Malaysia says that

they watched anime for fun, and satisfaction, as for the female students, they are likely to spend

more time watching anime on television for relaxation or when

nothing else to do.

Also, most of the respondents agreed that they are somehow capable of controlling their

interests towards anime as they are not too preoccupied with the anime characters. For them,

imitation and application of the character in their lives are embarrassing. It is important to

behave carefully and economically for the anime character efficiently and not to be captured and

interrupted by anime activities.

The action genre in anime depicts extremely high levels of intense action. More often than not,

you’ll be witnessing thrilling battles and action-packed fight scenes in the shows from this genre.
The adventure genre is about travelling and undertaking an adventure in a certain place or around

the world (which may sometimes escalate to the whole universe or even to the other dimensions).

In this genre, the main characters don’t usually stay in one place. Romance is all about love and

sweet moments. Shows involved with this genre often have the skill to tug everyone’s

heartstrings with their romantic scenes and tender moments. (kid, 2018)

Particularly when it comes to romance stories. while having dramatic elements, never becomes

bogged down by melo- drama. Despite the—at times—superhuman nature of its main character,

the show stays situated within a relatively realistic framework. (Stuckmann,2018)

Japanese animation, or anime, was first introduced to America In the 1960s with the shows

Astro Boy and Gigantor and, more recently, with American children’s shows Pokémon (1999)

and the Dragon Ball Z series (1986) (Latham, 2016).

According to Ellis (2020) The effects of watching anime: A desire to travel to Japan, Your

friends and inner circle may change, A new appreciation for art, A new appreciation for

authenticity anime has developed as a favorite type of entertainment for both young and old

people. Anime psychologically tells us how important friendship can be and why it’s something

to be valued. And it does it in ways that are positive. Sometimes it’s done in ways that are

negative, too. But it always comes with a life lesson so you can take something from it.

According to radaelly (2019) Anime has fostered its own community. Joining this growing

population gives people who may otherwise feel alone the chance to create bonds with friends
they may have never had once one understands how anime is used by students to become

resilient, the results canbe practically applied to educational advocacy. A study showed that

receiving a parental reading intervention on theflexibility of their child’s reading aptitudes and

having parents support their child, such as byoffering praise on the child’s effort rather than their

performance, improved the reading and writing achievements of all participants (Andersen &

Nielsen, 2016)

posits that anime can be used and examined much more broadly, opening up this art form to

society at large and not just fans. Chan and Wong (2017)

In a 2019 article made by Lu Sen and Zhang Rong The influence of Japanese anime on the

values of adolescents, they stated that some teenagers that invested their time in anime have a

difficult time getting out of it. One of the bad effects of anime stated in the article is that

teenagers may tend to lack judgment and cognitive ability, and they even imitate them. The

Impacts of Japanese animation on the lives of young people are teenager’s love for cartoon

characters and they are blindly consumed.

There are Japanese Anime that showcases scenes of violence, blood, and pornography.

These factors harm the mental and physical development of the youth. Many shows and stories

on anime have negative themes, some of which are hatred, pain, jealousy, resentment, sadness,

nudity, and sexual abuse. These themes also engage in mainstream position. Another negative

effect of Japanese anime is many shows have contents which seen to be anti-cultural. This affects

the success and development of teenagers. In Japanese anime, militarism, radical nationalism

appeared. This affects the establishment of world peace, patriotism, and violent tendencies
among teenagers. There are Japanese anime that mainly shows horror and spirituality. This is not

beneficial to the understanding of the perceptions of the world by teenagers. This harms the

growth of teenagers.

There are positive effects of anime in terms of psychological. Anime has the effect of

relieving pressure on teenagers. The pressure that modern society gives keeps increasing. With

that being said, many people find ways on how to release the pressure that they have. One of

these is watching Japanese anime.

In 2015, kristinarandolph made an article where it explains that it depends on personality

and how you are obsessed with Japanese Anime, people can be affected by the point of view of

the protagonist or antagonist. In this paper, it is stated that the reason why China banned some

anime shows is to “Protect the healthy development of the youth”. The show Death Note is

banned in China because they made a claim that this Anime shows juvenile delinquency or

committing a crime at such a young age.

This article, also said that it can empower people. Srividya Ramasub-ramayanan and Sarah

Kornfield collaborate and they have things to say. Shojo Anime is a show where the main

character is female where they have power, high positions and they are saving the world. They

made a survey and they got 385 surveys and they conclude that young people admire the

characteristics of a heroine. These said characteristics are intelligence, kindness, and boldness.

The society that we now have standards and values that sometimes may not be good for the

people. Women are considered weak, Man has high salary than women, and they see a woman as
things. If the kids have Shojo anime that they watch, this will change the outlook of society on

women.

In an article made by Lawrence Eng titled: Otaku engagements: Subcultural appropriation of

science and technology. In this paper he found that from the IT students that he studied, anime

helps increase social interaction.

Redaelly (2019), stated that anime and manga have become increasingly popular with

American teens over the years, likely because Japanese anime broke the assumption that all

cartoons are for kids. Just like music and movies, there are many genres to anime, and the most

popular version is Shounen, shows focused on action. Shounen are primarily intended for boys

between the ages of 12 and 18, but have grown massive followings around the world.

Plenty of people have their own speculations and suspicions of how anime may affect today’s

youth, and one of the most common is that it’s a bad influence on their behavior. Although

people are now becoming more accepting of anime, some still see it as absurd Japanese cartoons.

A study was conducted by two university teachers, Faradillah Iqmar Omar and Iza Sharina

Sallehuddin, titled The Perceived Impact Of Anime On School Children’s Aggressive Behavior.

Anime doesn’t seem to be the cause of teens’ aggressive actions but it does have a possibility

of affecting one’s perception of the world around them, just like any other form of media. People

on multiple social media platforms have expressed that over time they do pick up some habits
from shows they’ve seen. Like any other fandom, anime is a huge community of people who

have been able to relate with each other by sharing the same interest of different shows.

Buckingham’s discoveries blend with the theories utilized in this study. The Cultivation

Theory by Gerbner and Gross (1976) states that the more individuals watch television,

the more that they are exposed to all forms of violence which are also being equated to the

Mean World Syndrome. McQuail and Windahl (2015) added that frequent exposure to

television programs creates a precise form of idealism and values. The Uses and Gratification

Theory (Blumler & Katz, 1974), on the other hand, discusses that media consumers take

active roles in the communication process and have their own goals in using media. Finally, the

Media Equation Theory (Reeves & Nass, 1996) exposes that the television can be treated

by a person as a human being. In fact, it can lead a person to exhibit either a positive or

negative verbal and non-verbal responses.

Local Literature

According to conde (2021) Anime Known for death-defying stunts and climactic moments

where the power of friendship saves the day, anime has played an important role in Filipino pop

culture. Whether you caught the Filipino dubs on ABS-CBN or GMA, or stayed up late to watch

the back-to-back episodes on Animax or Hero, anime was most likely an inescapable part of your

household. According to Manaloto (2018) There’s also the fact that not everyone has the option

to watch anime online. Thanks to the internet, a lot of us can watch anime through different

online platforms with Japanese audio + English subtitles. You have to understand though that not

everyone has access to fast internet that’s enough for anime streaming. While most Filipinos can
access the internet now, less than 10% of Pinoy internet users have broadband connections —

with 80% of them being subscibed to sub-3 mbps speeds. This means that local TV is the only

way to watch anime for a lot of Filipinos. Sure, you can argue that mobile internet penetration is

high, though not everyone has an unlimited/high capacity postpaid plan that’s enough for

watching anime series. Speaking of TV, having Filipino-dubbed anime is a better alternative for

kids compared to your typical telenovelas (as a number of comments from Pinoy anime fans

pointed out). I’m not ragging on telenovelas as I’m sure there are a lot of people who love those

shows; it’s just that kids should also have an option to watch shows that are more in line with

their interests such as anime. Now, I’m sure most of us anime fans today grew up watching the

Tagalog version of Dragon Ball Z and Yu Yu Hakusho/Ghost Fighter on TV; and while not

perfect, these dubs are loved by almost everyone who watched them.

According to Arcenas and goh (2017) Community and appreciation has further brought anime

stories into reality. They are becoming popular even among non-anime watchers as part of meme

or Internet culture. The danger, however, lies with confusing fiction with reality, especially with

themes such as the sexualization of women and eroticism that appear in some anime. “Whatever

you see in anime is just a representation, but not a reality of Japanese life, culture, or fantasy,”

Anime has become a subculture, leading to the creation of events and social groups that has

allowed others to become more accepting of it. But as this goes on, there is the question of how

anime subculture and communities have grown in the minds of Filipinos. A recent example of

this would be the popular Naruto Run, named after the anime and manga, or Japanese comics,

Naruto (1997). It shows how quickly trends pick up among students beyond anime fans.

Whether more events could happen in the future expansion of anime through other types of
media is not a new concept, starting with manga that are converted to shows. While the growing

exposure brings in some ridicule, some fans do not mind what others think, opting instead to

share their interests with others.

Adam’s definition of humanistic value fits well in the concept of values in the

Philippines which is relational and based on notions of loob (relational will) and kapwa

(together with the person) (Reyes, 2015). Reyes pointed out that Filipino values tend to

be relational in contrast to the western individualistic concept of values. In the

Philippines, the self could not be separate from others. In turn, the loob and kapwa are the

pillars that cultivate and give sense to other values such as pakiramdam (shared identity),

kagandahang-loob (shared humanity), bahala na (determination), pakikisama (companionship),

and the like. Without loob and kapwa, however, some values (e.g., bahala na), when

singly considered, can be mistakenly regarded as negative attributes (de Guia, 2005;

Reyes, 2015).

According to Dan Manglinong (2018) video games, anime, and manga figures as Japan’s

greatest cultural exports to the Philippines is an argument that warrants to be made. “Dragon

Ball,” “Ghost Fighter, “Naruto”—works hailed because the top of the line of Japanese animation

has made their way into the Filipino’s daily lexicon.

But as stated in the article, news from the Land of the Rising Sun a couple of new manga series

on the lifetime of Filipino hero Jose Rizal shows how Japanese creators have always loved to

convey a glimpse into life within the Philippines..

 According to The Smart Local (2021), We grew up spending our childhood days with the

episodes of Naruto or Slam Dunk, Japanese animated series that weren’t just entertaining stories

for us but also were sources of inspiration. But although anime from abroad doesn’t offer plots

that hit near home, more and more Filipino anime films and series like Trese are getting their

share of the limelight recently.

As stated within the article, local animation is indeed getting more and more exciting, with

works from Trese to RPG Metanoia showcasing the creativity of our artists on screen.

Foreign Studies

Regarding the behavioral effects of anime, there is not much research that associates with

senior high school students. Some studies relate the stories of anime with archetypal and

mythological references in the field of theories. However, there is still no methodology for

anime’s audience analysis through psychology.

In the Philippines, Japanese animation has been influential since the 1970s during the time of

late President Ferdinand Marcos. According to Hassan, Salehuddin, and Aziz's (2016) study on

Anime and Its Impacts Among University Students, university students from Malaysia says that

they watched anime for fun, and satisfaction, as for the female students, they are likely to spend

more time watching anime on television for relaxation or when

nothing else to do.

 Also, most of the respondents agreed that they are somehow capable of controlling their

interests towards anime as they are not too preoccupied with the anime characters. For them,

imitation and application of the character in their lives are embarrassing. It is important to

behave carefully and economically for the anime character efficiently and not to be captured and

interrupted by anime activities.

Redaelly (2019), stated that anime and manga have become increasingly popular with

American teens over the years, likely because Japanese anime broke the assumption that all

cartoons are for kids. Just like music and movies, there are many genres to anime, and the most

popular version is Shounen, shows focused on action. Shounen are primarily intended for boys

between the ages of 12 and 18, but have grown massive followings around the world.

Plenty of people have their own speculations and suspicions of how anime may affect today’s

youth, and one of the most common is that it’s a bad influence on their behavior. Although

people are now becoming more accepting of anime, some still see it as absurd Japanese cartoons.

A study was conducted by two university teachers, Faradillah Iqmar Omar and Iza Sharina

Sallehuddin, titled The Perceived Impact Of Anime On School Children’s Aggressive Behavior.

Anime doesn’t seem to be the cause of teens’ aggressive actions but it does have a possibility

of affecting one’s perception of the world around them, just like any other form of media. People

on multiple social media platforms have expressed that over time they do pick up some habits

from shows they’ve seen. Like any other fandom, anime is a huge community of people who

have been able to relate with each other by sharing the same interest of different shows.
 Buckingham’s discoveries blend with the theories utilized in this study. The Cultivation

Theory by Gerbner and Gross (1976) states that the more individuals watch television,

the more that they are exposed to all forms of violence which are also being equated to the

Mean World Syndrome. McQuail and Windahl (2015) added that frequent exposure to

television programs creates a precise form of idealism and values. The Uses and Gratification

Theory (Blumler & Katz, 1974), on the other hand, discusses that media consumers take

active roles in the communication process and have their own goals in using media. Finally, the

Media Equation Theory (Reeves & Nass, 1996) exposes that the television can be treated

by a person as a human being. In fact, it can lead a person to exhibit either a positive or

negative verbal and non-verbal responses.

In our 2016 study we provided anime fans with a list of 40 different genres and asked them to

indicate the extent to which they had a positive (or negative) preference toward each. As Figure

8.1 shows, fans certainly made distinctions between the different genres, with the range

ofmfavorability ratings varying from 20% to 85% depending on the genre. Or, to continue with

our chocolate analogy, while every flavor was chocolate (anime), fans tasted differences between

the different types, making them meaningful distinctions. In this format, however, the data are

rather unwieldy. With 40 different genres, it’s hard to reach any sort of consensus about fan

preferences. On one hand, shows that seem like clear examples of the action genre

(i.e.,Dragonball, Naruto, Sword Art Online) sometimes throw us for a loop with the occasional

slice of life episode or with a long story arc that features dramatic events and moral

dilemmas.genre preferences do reflect, in small, subtle ways, various facets of a person’s

personality, beliefs, and behavior. Even the mecha genre, which stands out among the other

genres, perhaps because of its age, can tell us a lot about those who are fans of it. As we continue
to discuss the relationship between anime and these various personality, belief, and behavior

outcomes, it’s worth keeping in mind that there will be variability in the results because of

factors as small and seemingly trivial as a person’s favorite anime series. (Reysen, Plante,

Chadborn, Roberts, & Gerbasi, 2021) Cosplayers tend to choose characterswho they see as

being similar to themselves, while also representingidealized versions of themselves

(Reysen,Plante, Roberts, & Gerbasi, 2018a).Cosplaying is one of the most visibly-recognizable

and central fan behaviorsassociated with the anime fandom, despite the fact that only a

minority(34.1%) of anime fans actually cosplay(Reysen, Plante, Roberts, & Gerbasi, ipress-a).

And, while cosplayers are, themselves, a part of the anime fandom, they have been shown to

differ fromtheir non-cosplaying anime fancounterparts on a number of psychological variables.

For example,cosplayers, relative to non-cosplayersreport greater extraversion and

openness(Reysen, Plante, Roberts, & Gerbasi,2018b), are more likely to disclose beingan anime

fan to others, and score higheron measures of psychological well-bein(Reysen, Plante, Roberts,

& Gerbasi, in press-b). To this end, in our 2020 study we gave anime fans a list of 14 possible

functions of drama in the anime fandom, functions which ranged from providing personal

benefits (e.g., “it’s entertaining”) to group-level benefits (e.g., “it creates outgroups that fans can

unite against”). Fans were asked to indicate the extent to which they believed that fandom-

related drama served that particular function. Can be entertaining. 68.5% Can be a useful tool for

aggressively isolating or harming others. 62.5% Creates outgroups that fans can unite against.

54.7% Satisfying to see people get what’s coming to them because of drama. 52.0% Teaches

people important lessons about what to avoid doingnthemselves. 50.9% Help a group recognize

important threats within the group. 47.2% Forces people to be accountable for their actions.

44.0% Builds a sense of community with a shared interests and common information. 41.1%
Improves our understanding of the fandom. 40.4% Helps a group improve itself by getting rid of

undesirable elements within it. 37.8% Allows a fandom to make it clear what its moral

boundaries are. 37.7% If one does not keep up with fandom drama, they might be seen as less of

a fan. 34.7% Allows group members to compare notes on which potential mates / friends are

better than others. 32.3% Provides a way for fans to share information about the group. 30.2%

Local Studies

In 2015, Jacklyn Rochel Santos made a study about the most common reasons and effects of

anime addiction among Grade Nine Students of Mariano Marcos Memorial High School. In this

study, she explains the effect on the personality and behavior of a student when they watch too

much anime. She said that “Death Note”, a Japanese Anime where there is a notebook in which

you can write a person’s name and the way you like them to die on the notebook, and eventually,

it will kill the person. These cause complications in some schools in America. There are some

cases where some students made a “Death Note” DYI where they write the names and how they

like the student to die.

It said that anime addiction can make you have potential behavioral problems. These cause

them to follow the actions that they watched from anime. they imagine that it will happen if they

recreate it.

In 2015, Armandy Arren M. Ng study Anime Addiction and Its effect on Academic

Performance on Some selected Grade IX Student in Mariano Marcos Memorial High School. In

this study he stated that one of the negative effects of watching anime is violence.
 There is an incident were in Tsutomo Miyazaki murdered and kidnapped four girls ages

between four to seven years old. When he’s arrested, the police found collection of various

anime and manga that shows pornographic image. When the media knows about this, they tell to

the press that he is an otaku, which makes them calling him Otaku Murderer. With that being

said, the people panic, and they will try to connect the bad behaviour of Miyazaki with anime.

According to the this study, anime shows like Dragon Ball and Naruto showcase violence,

this cause the children ages 7 years old and older to imitate the violent actions that was shown

and presented to the anime show.

As stated by Amy McNulty, when the “Otaku” is introvert, they can interact with other

Otakus bebacuse of their common connection which is watching anime. this overcomes their

being introvert and they can social with other people.

Tabios (2015), stated that this study aimed to find out the answers for the research question

such as: Is there any effect of watching anime on IQ and behavior of anime

viewers? He performed the study with questions how anime affect to a person?. He reported that

this question was intended for the people especially those teenage who loved to watch anime

movies and series. He loved to watch anime it makes him feel awesome and when he watched

anime series every day he felt like he is sober in his daily works and appointment, this statement

was come from his roommate, he did really love to watch anime, and he thinks that his

roommate was an anime addict or

anime lover. We also have seen the social media too, to see what the people that watching anime

think about animation and if it's really affect them such as in applications.
 According to Ambulo and Batin on their study in Boys Love Genre: Clearing Up

Misconceptions (2016) , Since fans are able to interact with each other through the comments

section of different sites, some of them involve themselves into a conversation privately which

eventually leads to friendship. Online friendship may develop into a real life relationship in

which fans decide to meet each other in BL events such as conventions and panels. One of the

popular BL conventions in the Philippines would be the blush convention. Through conventions,

fans are given the opportunity to buy different merchandises and to meet and interact other fans.

Fans who meet in real life tend to keep in touch and continue their friendship online.

Merchandise are bought for private and enjoyment and sharing to their other fujoshi friends.

Through the interviews conducted by the researchers, all of the boys love fans stated that

they do indeed have close friendships that developed through BL. Shia(not her real name)

explains that “BL, just like other interest(s), is a common ground for us.” According to Lime, the

BL genre serves as a unique conversational starter, stating that BL “acts as a ‘bond’ of intimacy”.

Friendships are built based on mutual interests between two people wherein the said interest

deepens the relationship. Another interviewee states that BL is a stress reliever and that “when

one person is stressing out, we’re just like ‘check this out, it’s BL’.”

When a fan indulges herself to the BL genre and likes a certain narrative or even fan

work, she tends to share it with her other fujoshi friends for her to have someone to talk to it

about or fangirl about. Rome says “it creates more space for connection like fangirling (and)

drooling over the same guys being gays.” Fans consider friendships through BL special since “it

includes sexual connotations compared to normal boring conversations”.

Synthesis of the Study