▪ FM (frequency modulation) signal

s(t ) = Ac cos  2 f ct + 2 k f 
t

 0 m( ) d 
k f : frequency sensitivity
instantanous frequency f i (t ) = f c + k f m(t )
t
angle i (t ) = 2  f i ( ) d (Assume zero initial phase)
0
t
= 2 f c t + 2 k f 0
m( )d

m(t ) = Am cos(2 f mt ) fi = f c + k f Am cos(2 f mt )

 t

1 d 1 d  2 f c t  1 
d 2 k f 0 Am cos(2 f m ) d

fi = = +
2 dt 2 dt 2 dt
1
= fc + 2 k f  Am cos(2 f m )  Let  =t
2
Consider m(t)- a square wave- as shown. The FM wave for this m(t) is
shown below. t
 FM ( t ) = A cos( c t + k f  m(  )d ).
-
t
Assume m(t) starts at t = 0. For 0  t  T2 m(t) = 1 ,  m(  )d = t and
0
T
t 2 t
for T
2
t T m(t) = - 1 ,  m(  )d =  m(  )d +  m(  )d = T2 - (t - T2 ) = T - t.
T
0 0 2

The instantane ous frequency is i ( t ) =  c + k f m( t ) =  c + k f for 0  t  T2

and i ( t ) =  c − k f for T2  t  T .
i max =  c + k f and i min =  c − k f

m(t)

0 T 2T t →

 FM ( t )

t →
▪ Frequency deviation Δf
▪ difference between the maximum instantaneous and carrier
frequency f = k f Am = k f max | m(t ) |
▪ Definition:
▪ Relationship with instantaneous frequency
single-tone m(t ) case: fi = f c + f cos(2 f mt )
general case: f c − f  fi  f c + f
▪ Question: Is bandwidth of s(t) just 2Δf?

No, instantaneous frequency is not

equivalent to spectrum frequency
(with non-zero power)!

S(t) has ∞ spectrum frequency

(with non-zero power).
▪ Indicate by how much the modulated variable (instantaneous
frequency) varies around its unmodulated level (message
frequency)
max | ka m(t ) |
AM (envelope): ,
1
max
A | k f m(t ) |
FM (frequency):  =
fm
▪ Bandwidth

t
a(t ) =  m( )d
−

 k 2f 2 k 2f 3 
 (t ) = Re( (t )) = Acos wct − k f a(t ) sin wct − a (t ) cos wct + a (t ) sin wct...
 2! 3! 
Definition k f a(t )  1

Equation  (t ) = Acos wct − k f a(t ) sin wct 

Comparison with AM
Only phase difference of Pi/2
Frequency: similar
Time: AM: frequency constant
FM: amplitude constant

Conclusion: NBFM signal is

similar to AM signal
NBFM has also bandwidth
2W. (twice message signal
bandwidth)
⚫ Wideband FM signal
m(t ) = Am cos(2 f mt )
s(t ) = Ac cos  2 f ct +  sin(2 f mt ) 
⚫ Fourier series representation

s (t ) = Ac J n (  ) cos  2 ( f c + nf m )t 
n =−

Ac
S( f ) = J n (  )  ( f − f c − nf m ) +  ( f + f c + nf m ) 
2 n =−

J n (  ) : n-th order Bessel function of the first kind

1. J n (  ) = (−1) n J − n (  )
2. If  is small, then J 0 (  )  1,

J1 (  )  ,
2
J n (  )  0 for all n  2

3. J
n =−
2
n ( ) = 1
⚫ Spectrum when m(t) is single-tone

s (t ) = Ac cos  2 f ct +  sin(2 f mt )  = Ac J n (  ) cos  2 ( f c + nf m )t 
n =−

A
S( f ) = c J n (  )  ( f − f c − nf m ) +  ( f + f c + nf m ) 
2 n =−

⚫ Example 2.2
▪ Facts
▪ FM has side frequencies extending to infinite
frequency → theoretically infinite bandwidth
▪ But side frequencies become negligibly small
beyond a point → practically finite bandwidth
▪ FM signal bandwidth equals the required
transmission (channel) bandwidth
▪ Bandwidth of FM signal is approximately by
▪ Carson’s Rule (which gives lower-bound)
⚫ Nearly all power lies within a bandwidth of
– For single-tone message signal with frequency fm

BT = 2f + 2 f m = 2(  + 1) f m
– For general message signal m(t) with bandwidth (or highest
frequency) W

BT = 2f + 2W = 2( D + 1)W
f
where D = is deviation ratio (equivalent to  ),
W
f = max  k f m(t ) 