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Soil Mech. Lab EXP.s PDF
Soil Mech. Lab EXP.s PDF
(ECIV 3151)
Scope:
: ٍٟ٠ ّب١ فٟ اٌّبئٜٛذ اٌّؾز٠ذ ِٓ رؾذ١ش ٔسزف١ ثؾ،ٕخ رشثخ١ ٌوٟ اٌّبئٜٛذ اٌّؾز٠ذف ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌزغشثخ رؾذٌٙا
.اَ اٌزشثخٛ لُٜ ِذ١١ رم-1
.)جبد طٍجخ١اء – ؽجٛ٘ – ٔبد اٌزشثخ (ِبءٛصاْ ٌّىٚ األٚ َٓ األؽغب١خ رشثؾ ث١بػ٠ش ثواللبد س١ اٌزوج-2
Definition:
Water content: The ratio of the weight of free water on the soil surface or in the voids of the
soil to the weight of dry soil solids.
Wwater
100
WSolid
Apparatus:
1- Sensitive balance.
2- Drying Oven 110oc.
3- Cans.
Procedures:
. WCan Wc ٍٝٔضٔٗ فٕؾظً هٚ هبء فبسىٚ ٔؾؼش- 1
ٚ هبءٌٛ اٟب فٙٔؼوٚ ٝ األلظٟج١خ ؽست اٌزذسط اٌؾج١ّالن ثىٌٛخ ِٓ اٌزشثخ اٌشؿجخ ِٓ ا١ائٕٛخ هش١ ٔؾؼش ه- 2
. WCanWet Wcw ٍٝٗ ِٓ رشثخ سؿجخ فٕؾظً ه٠ٛؾز٠ هبء ثّبٌٛٔضْ ا
ُصْ صٌٛ صجبد اٝؽزٚ )12 – 18 hrs) ِٓ ػٚ ٌّذح رزشا110oc ف ثؾشاسح١ فشْ اٌزغفٟٗ ف٠ٛؾز٠ هبء ثّبٌٛ ٔؼن ا- 3
. WCan Dry Wcd ٍٝٗ ِٓ رشثخ عبفخ فٕؾظً ه٠ٛؾز٠ هبء ثّبٌٛٔضْ ا
:خ١ٌ ِٓ اٌواللخ اٌزبٟ اٌّبئٜٛ ٔؾست اٌّؾز- 4
W Wcd
cw 100
Wcd Wc
.ٟ اٌّبئٜٛسؾ ٌٍّؾزٛ ٔؤخز اٌّزٚ ٔىشس ِب سجك هذح ِشاد- 5
Notes:
1- You can tabulate the data in the following form:
Specimen number
No. of Can
Weight of empty can Wc (grams)
Weight of can with wet soil Wcw (grams)
Weight of can with dry soil Wcd (grams)
Weight of water Ww (grams)
Weight of soil solids Ws (grams)
% Water Content
1
-2روزجش اٌزشثخ اٌـ١ٕ١خ ِٓ أوضش أٔٛام اٌزشثخ اٌزٙٔ ٟزُ ف ٟرؾذ٠ذ اٌّؾز ٜٛاٌّبئٌٙ ٟب ٌّب رّضٍٗ ٘زٖ اٌزشثخ ِٓ ِشىٍخ ٌّب
فٙ١ب ِٓ خٛاص ِضً:
Expansion and shrinkage .
High water content.
Small voids between particles.
-3إرا وبٔذ اٌزشثخ رؾز ٜٛهٍ ٝاٌغ١ش فئٕٔب ٔزغٕت روش٠ؼٙب ٌؾشاسح هبٌ١خ هٕذ اٌزغف١ف ٌٚزٌه ٔغوً ؽشاسح اٌفشْ80-60
دسعخِ ،ن ص٠بدح فزشح اٌزغف١ف ٚاٌسجت ف ٟرٌه ٘ ٛأْ اٌؾشاسح اٌوبٌ١خ ِن ٚعٛد اٌّٛاد اٌوؼ٠ٛخ ٚاٌغ١ش لذ ٠ؤدٌ ٞفمذاْ
ِّب ٠وٕ ٟخًٍ ف ٟرىٔ (Water of Crystallization) ٓ٠ٛسجخ ِٓ اٌّبء اٌّزخظظخ ثبٌؾفبف هٍ ٝاٌى١بْ اٌجٍٛسٌٍ ٞزشثخ
اٌزشثخ اٌذاخٍ.ٟ
2
Experiment No.2
Part I: Specific gravity determination.
Part II: Unit Weight determination.
Part I: Specific gravity determination
Scope:
: ًاص ٌٍزشثخ ِضٛغبد ثوغ اٌخ٠ إٟذٖ ف٠ذ ِٓ رؾذ١ش ٔسزف١ ٌٍزشثخ ثؾٟهٌٕٛذ اٌضمً ا٠ذف ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌزغشثخ رؾذٌٙا
Void ratio – Porosity – Degree of Saturation – Unit weight
Definition:
Specific Gravity:
Ratio of the mass of dry soil at given volume to the mass of equivalent volume of water.
m s ( gram)
solid V (cm 3 )
s
Gs
water 3
1( g / cm )
Apparatus:
1- Pycnometer.
2- Sieve 4.75 mm opening.
3- Vacuum pump.
4- Sensitive balance.
Procedures:
ًٔضْ اٌّبس ِٓ إٌّخٚ 4.75mm ً ِٕخٍٝب هٍٕٙٔخٚ بٙٔغففٚ خ ِٓ اٌزشثخ١ائٕٛخ هش١ ٔؾؼش ه- 1
.)ms( صْ اٌغبف ٌٍزشثخٌٛ اٍٝفٕؾظً ه
صْ صعبعخ اٌىضبفخ ِّزٍئخ ثبٌّبءٚ ٍٝب فٕؾظً هٙٔٔضٚ ّٔأل٘ب ثبٌّبءٚ ٔؾؼش صعبعخ اٌىضبفخ- 2
.)mpw(
ثوغ اٌّبء صُ ٔشط صعبعخٚ ب اٌشًِ اٌغبفٙٔؼن ثٚ بٙٔغففٚ ٔفشى صعبعخ اٌىضبفخ ِٓ اٌّبء- 3
.خ ِٓ اٌزشثخ١ائٌٛٙاء ٌٍزخٍض ِٓ اٌفمبهبد اٌٛٙاٌىضبفخ ِن اسزخذاَ شفبؽ ا
صْ صعبعخ اٌىضبفخ ِّزٍئخٚ ٍٝب فٕؾظً هٙٔٔضٚ بٙز٠بٙٔ ٝء صعبعخ اٌىضبفخ ثبٌّبء ؽزٍِٟ ًّ ٔى- 4
.)mpws( اٌّبءٟسح فّٛ اٌزشثخ ِغٚ ثبٌّبء
:خ١ٌ ِٓ اٌواللخ اٌزبٟهٌٕٛ ٔؾست اٌضمً ا- 5
ms
Gs
m s m pws m pw
3
Part II: Unit Weight Determination
Scope:
ٌٟ ثبٌزبٚ صْ اٌزشثخٚ ذ٠ رؾذٟخ ف١ّ٘ ٌّب ٌٗ ِٓ أ، ٌٍزشثخّٟصْ اٌؾغٌٛذ ا٠ذف ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌزغشثخ رؾذٌٙا
.)Retaining wall( خ٠ُ إٌّشآد اٌّزوشػخ ٌؼغؾ اٌزشثخ ِضً اٌغذساْ االسزٕبد١ّرظ
Definition:
Unit Weight: Weight per unit volume.
Apparatus:
1- Piece of wax 0.9 g / cm .
3
2- Sensitive balance.
Procedures:
.msoil ٍٝالن فٕؾظً هٌٕٛخ ِٓ اٌزشثخ ِٓ ا١ ٔضْ ه- 1
ْٔضٚ ، اٌشّنٟرٌه ثغّس اٌزشثخ فٚ ٕخ اٌزشثخ ثـجمخ ِٓ اٌشّن اٌّزاة١خ ه١ رغـٍٝ ٔوًّ ه- 2
.msoil+wax ٍٝاٌزشثخ اٌّغـبح ثبٌشّن فٕؾظً ه
.(msoil+wax)sub ٍٝب فٕؾظً هٙٔٔضٚ اٌّبءٟٕخ اٌزشثخ ِغـبح ثبٌشّن ف١ ٔغّش ه- 3
:خ١ٌ ِٓ اٌواللخ اٌزبّٟصْ اٌؾغٌٛ ٔؾست ا- 4
W soil
V soil
W soil m soil g
V soil V Soil
VWax
Wax
V Soil
m soil wax m soil wax sub
Wax
m wax
VWax m wax m soil wax m soil
wax
4
Experiment No.3: Grain size analysis
Part I: Sieve Analysis.
Part II: Hydrometer analysis.
Part I: Sieve Analysis:
Scope:
ِٓ أوجشٟج١ً ِٓ فظبئً اٌزشثخ راد اٌؾغُ اٌؾج١اعذ وً فظٛذ ٔسجخ ر٠ذف ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌزغشثخ رؾذٌٙا0.075mm ذ١ف٠ ِّب
.ف اٌزشثخ١ٕ رظٟف
Apparatus:
1- Sensitive balance.
2- Hot plate.
3- Set of sieves (No.4(4.75mm) – No.200(0.075mm)).
Procedures:
.mt ٍٟٕخ اٌغبفخ اٌى١صْ اٌوٚ ب عبفخ ٌٕوشفٙٔٔضٚ بٙٔغففٚ ٕخ ِٓ اٌزشثخ١ ٔؾؼش ه- 1
ٔسزّشٚ هبءٚ ٟٓ ِٓ إٌّخً ف٠اٌّبء اٌّبسٚ ٔغّن اٌغجبسٚ 200 ُ ِٕخً سلٍٕٝخ ه١ ٔغسً اٌو- 2
ْ رخٍظٕبٛٔىٚ ٕخ لذ خٍذ ِٓ اٌغجبس١ْ اٌوٛش ٔمبء اٌّبء اٌّبس ِٓ إٌّخً فزىٙل٠ ٝثبٌغسً ؽز
.جبد اٌزشثخ١ِٓ رالطك ؽج
ً إٌّبخً اٌّشرجخ ِٓ ِٕخٟٕخ ف١ٔؼن اٌوٚ ،ٓ١اسـخ لشص اٌزسخٕٛخ ث١ف اٌو١َ ثزغفٛ ٔم- 3
.ٕخ١ً اٌو١ٔجذأ ثزٕخٚ 0.075mm ً ِٕخٝؽزٚ 4.75mm فزؾخ
. اٌؾسبثبد اٌخبطخ ثبٌزغشثخٞٔغشٚ ً ٌىً ِٕخٟصْ اٌّزشاوُ اٌّزجمٌٛ ٔسغً ا- 4
Sieve opening Mass of cum. Ret. % cum. Ret. %Passing
(mm) (g)
4.75 M1 M
% 1 *100
100-% cum. Ret.
Mt
.. M2
... M3
... M4
0.075 M5
Pan Mt
5
2
D30
Cz
D60 D10
D
Cu 60
D10
C z : Coefficient of gradation.
Cu : Uniformity coefficient.
D10 : The corresponding diameter for 10% passing.
Apparatus:
1- Sensitive balance.
2- Hydrometer.
3- Control cylinder.
4- Sedimentation cylinder.
5- Thermometer.
6- Mixer.
7- Stop watch.
6
Procedures:
ٔ - 1م َٛثزدف١ف اٌعٕ١خ اٌّبسح ِٓ ِٕخً سلُ ٔٚ 200أخذ ِٕٙب 50gramsثعذ اٌزدف١ف.
ّٔ - 2أل وٛث ٓ١ثّمذاس ِٓ 125 mLاٌّبء ِع إضبفخ عبًِ زفبص ٌ١عًّ عٍ ٝأزشبس زج١جبد اٌزشثخ
Sodium hexametaphosphateثٕسجخ %4أِ ٞب ٠عبدي . 5grams
ّٔ - 3أل اسطٛأخ اٌضجظ ( )Control Cylinderثّسز ٜٛأزذ اٌىٛث ٓ١ثُ ٔىًّ االسطٛأخ ثبٌّبء ززٝ
عالِزٙب اٌعٍ١ب أ ٞثّب ّ٠أل .1000ml
ٔ - 4ذخً اٌـ Hydrometerفٕٔٚ Control Cylinder ٟزظش لٍ١ال زز٠ ٝسزمش ٔٚسدً لشاءرٗ ٚاٌزٟ
ٔسُ ٙ٠ب .Zero Correction
ٔ - 5ضع اٌزشثخ ف ٟاٌىٛة ا٢خشٕٔٚ ،مً اٌزشثخ اٌضسٍخ ( )Slurryإٌ ٝخالط ٌّذح 5دلبئك ثس١ث
ٔض١ف ِبء ٌٍخالط وٍّب اززدٕب ثس١ث ّٔأل ٔصف اٌخالط ثبٌّبء.
ٕٔ - 6مً خٍ١ظ اٌزشثخ إٌ ٝاسطٛأخ اٌزشس١ت ٔٚ Sedimentation Cylinderض١ف ِبء زز ٝعالِخ
االسطٛأخ أ.1000ml ٞ
ٔ - 7غٍك ف٘ٛخ االسطٛأخ ٔٚعًّ عٍ ٝرمٍ١جٙب ِ 30شح خالي دل١مخ ٚازذح ٕٔ ٚزظش لٍ١ال ثُ ٔذخً ِ١ضاْ
اٌسشاسح ٚاٌـ Hydrometerف ٟاسطٛأخ اٌزشس١ت.
ٔ - 8سدً لّ١خ اٌسشاسح ٚلشاءح اٌ١ٙذس١ِٚزش ثعذ (1دل١مخ – ).... 4 – 3 – 2زز ٝرصجر لشاءح
اٌ١ٙذس١ِٚزش ِسب٠ٚخ إٌ.Zero correction ٝ
7
Calculations:
1- Calculate the equivalent particle diameter (D):
L(cm )
Dk
T (min)
k : Factor depend on G s and temperatu re Given from table 1.
L : Distance between wa ter surface and center of gravity of hydrometer bulb.
This distance is related to hydrometer reading and given from table 2.
T: Elapsed time (Cumulative).
ْٛ رىٟ اٌزٚ ٟرش اٌسـؾٛزٕبست ِن اٌز٠ زش ثّب١ِٚذس١ٌّٙخ لشاءح ا١ؼ ل١ٕب رظؾ١ٍي هٚ ِٓ اٌغذLّخ١ لٍٝي هٛلجً اٌؾظ
.)1+( زش١ِٚذس١ٌٙؽذح ٌمشاءح اٚ غبٌجب ثئػبفخ
Rcorrected min scus Ractual 1
Fm
8
Table 1)Variation of K with Gs:
9
Table 3: Temperature correction factor.
10
Experiment No.4: Soil Consistency (Atterberg limits)
Scope:
ِوشفخ ثوغ طفبدٟخ ف١ّ٘ رٌه ِٓ أٟن اٌزشثخ إٌبهّخ ٌّب فٍٛسٚ َاٛذف ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌزغشثخ دساسخ لٌٙا
ِٓ ش١خ ثؾ١ٕ١ اٌزشثخ اٌـٟ٘ ٘زا اٌّغبيٟب فٙزُ ثٙٔ ٟام اٌزشثخ اٌزٛٔ أوضش أٚ ،بٙف١ٕرظٚ ٘زٖ اٌزشثخ
ٜ أـجبهب هٓ ِذٟوـ٠ خ ٘زٖ اٌزشثخ ٌالٔؼغبؽ ُِا١ٍ لبثٜض ِذ١١ّن ر١شثشط ٔسزـ١د أرٚخالي ِوشفخ ؽذ
.ِٗخ ِٓ هذ١ٕذسٌٙن ا٠ب ٌٍّشبسِٙالءِز
Definitions:
Atterberg limits: The word Atterberg is related to the Swedish scientist Albert Atterberg, and the
limits are to describe the consistency of fine grained soils with arbitrary varying of water content.
:ٌٝ إٟ اٌّبئٜٛن اٌزشثخ وٍّب لٍٍٕب اٌّسزٍٕٛمسُ س٠
.Liquid -1
.Plastic -2
.Semi-solid -3
.Solid -4
Liquid limit (LL) Theoretical: The moisture content in percent at the point of transition from
plastic state to liquid state.
Liquid limit (LL) Lab. {ASTM}:
بصٙ صسٓ خٟعخ فٛضِٛ رشثخٟٓ خبٔج١زُ إغالق شك ث٠ ّْىٓ عٕذ٘ب أ٠ ٞ اٌزٚ ٟ اٌّبئٜٛ ٔسجخ اٌّسزٛ٘casagrand
يٛثطٚ13mm.بصٙاسطخ اٌدٛ ضشثخ ث25 ثعذ إخشاء
11
Liquid limit (LL) Lab. {BS}:
ٗط وزٍزٚع عٕذ٘ب ِخش١سزط٠ ٟ اٌزٟ اٌّبئٜٛ ٔسجخ اٌّسزٛ٘80grams خزشق ِسبفخ٠ ْ ِالِس ٌسطر اٌزشثخ أ20mm خالي
5seconds. اٌزشثخٟسمظ زشا ف٠ ٗخ رشو٠ِٓ ثذا
Plastic limit (PL) Theoretical: The moisture content in percent at the point of transition
from semisolid state to plastic state.
Plastic limit (PL) Lab. {ASTM}:
س اٌزشمكٛٙ ثذأ ظٚ ذ١ٌاسطخ سازخ اٛ ثٟذ صخبخٌٛ ٍٝب عٙش٘ب ثُ دزشخز٠ٕٛخ ِٓ اٌزشثخ رُ رى١ ٌعٟ اٌّبئٜٛ ٔسجخ اٌّسزٛ٘
أخ لطش٘بٛئخ اسط١٘ ٍٝب عٕٙ٠ٛب عٕذ رىٙ١ٍع3mm.
Plastic index (PI): The difference between liquid limit and plastic limit.
ّزٗ دي رٌه١ فىٍّب صادد ل،ٜخ أخشٙب ِٓ خٙذ وفبءر٠ رسذٟ فٚ خٙف اٌزشثخ ِٓ خ١ٕ رصُٟ خذا فِٙ ًِٔخ عبٚعزجش ِدبي اٌٍذ٠
شاد١ب ٌٍزغٙ رعشضٟٕع٠ ش ِّب١ضب ثشىً وج٠ فمذأٗ أٚ ْ عٕذ٘ب اٌزشثخ لبثٍخ الِزصبص اٌّبءٛث رى١ سداءح اٌزشثخ زٍٝع
.خ اٌّخزٍفخ١ٕذسٌٙش ِالئّخ ٌألعّبي ا١دعً ٘زٖ اٌذسثخ غ٠ االٔىّبش ِّبٚ دخ ٌٍزّذد١خ ٔز١ّاٌسد
True or False:
- The soil becomes worse with increasing of plasticity index. True
- The soil becomes worse with increasing of liquid limit. True
- The soil becomes worse with increasing of plastic limit. False
Shrinkage limit (SL): The moisture content in percent at the point of transition from solid
state to semisolid state without changing in soil volume.
12
Part I: Liquid limits determination (Falling cone method BS).
Apparatus:
1- Penetrometer device: cone with angle 30o and mass of 80grams.
2- Metal cup 55mm width and 40mm depth
3- Water content apparatus (Oven dry – Cans – Balance).
4- Knife.
Procedures:
ٔغٙض هٕ١خ ِٓ اٌزشثخ اٌّبسح ِٓ ِٕخً سلُ )0.425mm( 40ثؾ١ش رى٘ ْٛزٖ اٌزشثخ ِغففخ ف ٟاٌٛٙاء اٌغٞٛ -1
أ ٚهٍ ٝفشْ ةؽشاسح 60دسعخ.
ٔؼ١ف وّ١خ ِٓ اٌّبء إٌ ٝاٌزشثخ ٔٚخٍـٙب. -2
ّٔأل اٌٛهبء اٌّوذٔ ٟثبٌزشثخ ٔٚمشم اٌٛهبء ٔٚذِه اٌزشثخ ؽزٔ ٝزخٍض لذس اإلِىبْ ِٓ اٌفشاغبد اٌٛٙائ١خ ،صُ -3
ٔس ٞٛسـؼ هٕ١خ اٌزشثخ ف ٟاٌٛهبء.
ٔغوً اٌّخشٚؽ اٌزبثن ٌغٙبص ٠ Penetrometerالِس سـؼ اٌزشثخ صُ ٠سمؾ ثشىً ؽش ٌّذح ٔٚ 5 secسغً لّ١خ -4
االخزشاق ٔٚؾست اٌّؾز ٜٛاٌّبئ.ٟ
ٔىشس ِب سجك أوضش ِٓ ِشح ،صُ ٔشسُ هاللخ ث١بٔ١خ ث ٓ١لّ١خ االخزشاق ( ٚ (d,mm log scaleلّ١خ اٌّؾزٜٛ -5
اٌّبئٔٚ w ٟوًّ رّض ً١خـٌٍ ٟواللخ ٔٚ Linear regressionؾست لّ١خ اٌّؾز ٜٛاٌّبئ ٟهٕذِب ٠ى ْٛاالخزشاق
20mmفذو ٟ٘ ْٛؽذ اٌسٌٛ١خ ).(Liquid limit
Procedures:
ٔ - 1غٙض هٕ١خ ِٓ اٌزشثخ اٌّبسح ِٓ ِٕخً سلُ ٚ 40اٌز ٟأعشٕ٠ب هٍٙ١ب رغشثخ ؽذ اٌسٌٛ١خ ٔ ٚغوٍٙب هٍ ٝشىً
ث١ؼب.ٞٚ
ٔ - 2جذأ ثذؽشعخ اٌوٕ١خ ث ٓ١ساؽخ اٌ١ذ ٌٛ ٚػ اٌضعبط ؽز ٝرزشىً اسـٛأخ لـش٘ب .3mm
ٔ - 3الؽق االسـٛأخ فئْ وبْ ِٓ اٌظوت دؽشعزٙب ثوذ رٌه إال ثبٔ١ٙبس٘ب (أ ٞثذا٠خ كٛٙس رشممبد) ٔم َٛثؾسبة
اٌّؾز ٜٛاٌّبئٌٍ ٟوٕ١خ ف١ى ٛ٘ ْٛؽذ اٌٍذٔٚخ ٚ PLإال ٔو١ذ رى٠ٛش اٌوٕ١خ ٚدؽشعزٙب ٘ٚىزا ؽزٔ ٝؾظً هٍ.PL ٝ
PI LL PL
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Experiment No. 5) Part I: Compaction test (Proctor test)
Apparatus:
1- Mold of 944cm3 volume (116.4mm height, 101.6mm diameter and cylinder shape).
2- Sensitive balance.
3- Hot plate.
4- Manual rammer (4.5 kg mass).
5- Trowel.
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Procedures (Modified proctor):
ٔضْ اٌٛهبء اٌّسزخذَ ِن لبهذرٗ اٌسفٍ ٝفٕؾظً هٍ. Mmold ٝ -1
ٔغٙض هٕ١خ ِٓ اٌزشثخ ٔٚؼ١ف ٌٙب وّ١خ ِٓ اٌّبء ثٕسجخ افزشاػ١خ ٔٚخٍـٙب. -2
ّٔأل اٌٛهبء ثبٌزشثخ اٌّخٍٛؿخ ِن اٌّبء هٍ 5 ٝؿجمبد ،رذِه وً ؿجمخ 25دِىخ ثٛاسـخ ِـشلخ ِٓ هٍ ٝاسرفبم -3
ٔٚ 457mmؾشص هٍ ٝص٠بدح اٌزشثخ ف ٟآخش ؿجمخ ؽزٔ ٝؼّٓ و ْٛاٌٛهبء اِزأل رّبِب ثبٌزشثخ ٌٙٚزا اٌغشع
ٔؼ١ف لـوخ ٌٍٛهبء ٌٍؾفبف هٍ ٝاٌزشثخ اٌض٠بدح ف ٟاٌـجمخ األخ١شح ِٓ اٌزسبلؾ خالي اٌذِه .
ٔس ٞٛسـؼ اٌزشثخ ٕٔٚلف عٛأت اٌٛهبء. -4
ٔضْ اٌزشثخ اٌّذِٛوخ ِن اٌٛهبء فٕؾظً هٍ.Mmold+soil ٝ -5
ٔو ٓ١اٌّؾز ٜٛاٌّبئٌٍ ٟزشثخ وّب سجك ف ٟرغشثخ سلُ ٚ ،1وزٌه ٔو ٓ١وضبفخ اٌزشثخ اٌشؿجخ. -6
ٔىشس ِب سجك ٌخّس هٕ١بد ِٓ اٌزشثخ ٔفسٙب ثض٠بدح ٔسجخ اٌزشثخ ف ٟوً ِشح ثٕسجخ ث.3-4% ٓ١ -7
Calculations:
M cw M cd
%w 100
M cd M c
M T M mold soil M mold
.
VT ) Vmold ( 944 cm 3
dry
1 w
Notes:
ّ٠ - 1ىٓ عذٌٚخ إٌزبئظ هٍ ٝإٌؾ ٛاٌزبٌ:ٟ
أ -رؾذ٠ذ اٌّؾز ٜٛاٌّبئ:ٟ
Specimen number
No. of Can
)Mass of empty can Mc (grams
)Mass of can with wet soil Mcw (grams
)Mass of can with dry soil Mcd (grams
)Mass of water Mw (grams
)Mass of soil solids Ms (grams
% Water Content
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ٕ٠ - 2مسُ اخزجبس ثشٚوزٛس إٌ ٝلسّ:ٓ١
أ .Standard proctor test -
Kind of Proctor
Standard Proctor Modified Proctor
Properties
Mould Volume , diameter , height 944 , 101.6mm , 116.4mm 944 , 101.6mm , 116.4mm
1.750
1.745
1.740
1.735
1.730
1.725
1.720
1.715 Optimum w
1.710
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
% Water content
ٔالؽق ف ٟإٌّؾٕ ٝأٔٗ ف ٟاٌجذا٠خ وٍّب أػفٕب اٌّبء ٚلّٕب ثذِه اٌزشثخ فٙزا ٠ذفن ثخشٚط اٌٛٙاء ٌزؾً اٌزشثخ ِؾٍٗ فزضداد
اٌىضبفخ ،ؽزٌ ٝؾلخ ِوٕ١خ ٠ى ْٛفٙ١ب أفؼً ٔسجخ ٌٍّبء ٠ٚمبثٍٙب أهٍ ٝوضبفخ ِّىٓ رٛف١ش٘ب ٌٍزشثخٚ ،ثوذ رٌه إرا أػفٕب اٌّبء
ٌٍزشثخ فئْ اٌّبء ٠ؾً ِؾً ؽج١جبد اٌزشثخ فزظجؼ اٌزشثخ ألً وضبفخ .
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Important: Sketch proctor curve and comment on it.
Procedures:
ٔؼن وّ١خ ِٓ رشثخ أٚربٚا فٚ ٟهبء ٔٚضٔٙب ِن اٌٛهبء فٕؾظً هٍ.M1 ٝ -1
10-12cm ٔؼن اٌظف١ؾخ اٌّوذٔ١خ اٌّفزٛؽخ هٍ ٝاٌزشثخ ف ٟاٌّٛلن ٔٚجذأ ثوًّ ؽفشح ف ٟاٌزشثخ ثوّك -2
ٔٚؼن اٌزشثخ اٌّسزخشعخ ف ٟو١س ثالسز١ىٔٚ ٟغٍمٗ ٔٚضْ ٘زٖ اٌزشثخ فٕؾظً هٍ .Mfield ٝصُ ٔؾست اٌّؾزٜٛ
اٌّبئٌٙ ٟب.
ّٔأل اٌغشح ثزشثخ أٚربٚا ٔٚمٍجٙب ٔٚفزؼ اٌظّبَ ؽزّٔ ٝأل اٌؾفشح ثزشثخ أٚربٚا ِوٍِٛخ اٌىضبفخ اٌغبفخ ٔٚسزّش فٟ -3
فزؼ اٌظّبَ ؽز ٝرزٛلف اٌزشثخ هٓ اٌزذفك فٕغٍك اٌظّبَ ٚثبٌزبٌ ٟسزى ْٛاٌزشثخ رٛصهذ ف 3 ٟأِبوٓ ٟ٘ٚ
اٌؾفشح ٚعضأ رجم ٝف ٟاٌّخشٚؽ اٌّوٍ َٛاٌؾغُ ٚعضء رجم ٝف ٟاٌغشح .
ٕٔمً اٌزشثخ اٌّزجم١خ ف ٟاٌغشح إٌ ٝاٌٛهبء ٔٚضٔٙب فٕؾظً هٍ.M2 ٝ -4
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Calculations:
1- Calculate the mass of soil in the cone (M3):
M 3 ottawa Vcone
2- Calculate the mass of soil in the hole (Mh):
M h M 1 (M 2 M 3 )
Mh
Vh
ottawa
M field
moist field
Vh
moist field
1 w
dry field
dry
Dc 100 100 %
field
dry proctor
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Experiment No.6: Permeability (Hydraulic conductivity) test
Scope:
اٌٙذف ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌزغشثخ رؾذ٠ذ ِوبًِ إٌفبر٠خ ٌٍزشثخِّ ،ب ٠سبهذ ف ٟرؾذ٠ذ ِوذي رذفك اٌّ١بٖ أسفً اٌسذٚد
ٚ .رخزٍف لّ١خ ِوبًِ إٌفبر٠خ ثبخزالف ٚ Uplift forceثبٌزبٌّ٠ ٟىٓ ؽسبة لٛح دفن اٌّ١بٖ هٍ ٝاٌسذٚد
ٔٛم اٌزشثخ ؽ١ش رى ْٛثم ُ١وج١شح ٌٍزشثخ اٌشٍِ١خ ٚثم ُ١طغ١شح عذا ٌٍزشثخ اٌـ١ٕ١خ.
Hydraulic conductivity for sand and gravel (Constant head test):
رسزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌـش٠مخ ٌؾسبة ِوبًِ إٌفبر٠خ ٌٍزشثخ اٌشٍِ١خ ٚاٌضٌـ١خ ٚ ،روزّذ فىشرٙب هٍ ٝاٌسّبػ ٌٍّبء ثبٌوجٛس هجش هٕ١خ
اٌزشثخ ِن اٌؾفبف هٍ ٝفشق ِٕسٛة صبثذ ثِ ٓ١ذخً ِ ٚخشط اٌّبء ْ َٚخالي وُ اٌّبء اٌّبس ِٓ اٌزشثخ ٔسزذي هٍِ ٝوبًِ
إٌفبر٠خ.
Apparatus:
1- Constant head apparatus.
عٙبص رم َٛفىشرٗ هٍ ٝرٛف١ش ِظذس إلدخبي اٌّبء هٍ ٝهٕ١خ رشثخ ٚأ٠ؼب ٠جم ٟهٍ ٝفبسق ِٕسٛة صبثذ
ثِ ٓ١سز ٜٛاٌّبء هٕذ اٌّذخً ِ ٚسز ٜٛاٌّبء هٕذ اٌّخشط.
2- Cylinder mold opened from both sides (15 cm height, 6cm diameter).
3- Mold to collect water.
4- Stop watch.
5- Thermometer.
6- Sensitive balance.
Procedures:
ٔ - 1دٙض عٕ١خ ِٓ اٌزشثخ ،إِب ثغشص االسطٛأخ ف ٟاٌزشثخ ف ٟاٌٛالع ٚاٌسصٛي عٍ ٝعٕ١خ ِّثٍخ ٌٍٛالع أ ٚثإزضبس عٕ١خ
رشثخ ِفىىخ ٚرعجئزٙب ف ٟاالسطٛأخ ٚدِىٙب .
ٔ - 2غط ٟاٌعٕ١خ ِٓ األسفً ثٛاسطخ لطعخ لّبش أ ٚخضء ِٓ ِٕخً سلُ 200ثس١ث ٠سبفظ عٍ ٝرٛاخذ اٌسج١جبد وّب
ِ٘ ٟع ٔفبر اٌّبء فٙ١ب.
ٔ - 3ضع اسطٛأخ اٌزشثخ داخً خضاْ اٌدٙبص ٚاٌزٔ ٞغٍمٗ ِٓ األعٍ ٝثٛاسطخ غطبء ثٗ فزسخ رسِر ثّشٚس اٌّبء.
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ّٔ - 4أل اٌٛعبء اٌعٌٍٍ ٞٛدٙبص ثبٌّبء ثشىً ربَ ٚثشىً ٠ضّٓ ثمبء ِٕسٛة اٌّبء ثبثذ ث ٓ١سطر اٌّبء ف ٟاٌٛعبء
اٌعٍ ٚ ٞٛسطر اٌّبء عٕذ اٌّخشج ٚرٌه ثفزر صّبَ ِع٠ ٓ١سّر ثخشٚج أ ٞص٠بدح ف ٟوّ١خ اٌّبء.
ٔ - 5سّر ٌٍّبء ثبٌزذفك إٌ ٝاٌخضاْ ٚإٌفبر عجش عٕ١خ اٌزشثخ ْٚثذأ ثزشغ ً١سبعخ اٌزٛل١ف ٚردّ١ع وّ١خ ِعٕ١خ ِٓ اٌّبء
( )Qخالي فزشح صِٕ١خ (ٔٚ .)tم١س دسخخ زشاسح اٌّبء.
ٔ - 6سست ِعبًِ إٌفبر٠خ ِٓ اٌعاللخ:
QL
k
Aht
@T c
k @ 20 c k @ T c Where is viscosity of water.
@ 20 c
Clay <0.000001
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Experiment No.7) Consolidation test
Scope:
اٌٙذف ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌزغشثخ إ٠غبد ثوغ اٌّوبِالد اٌخبطخ ثؾسبة ِمذاس اٌٙجٛؽ ف ٟاٌزشثخ ِضً:
Coefficient of consolidation (Cv) and Compression index (Cc).
ٚاٌٍزاْ ٠ف١ذاْ ف ٟؽسبة ِمذاس اٌٙجٛؽ ف ٟاٌزشثخ ،ؽ١ش هٕذِب رزوشع اٌزشثخ ٌألؽّبي رزؤصش ثؤٔٛام ِخزٍفخ ِٓ اٌٙجٛؽ
:ٟ٘ٚ
1- Elastic or Immediate Settlement (Se).
٘ ٛ٘ ٚجٛؽ ٠ؾذس ِجبششح ثوذ رؤص١ش األؽّبي هٍ ٝاٌزشثخ ٠ ٚؾذس ٔز١غخ خشٚط اٌٛٙاء ِٓ اٌفشاغبد ث ٓ١ؽج١جبد اٌزشثخ .
2- Primary consolidation settlement (Sc).
٘ ٛ٘ ٚجٛؽ ٠ؾذس ٔز١غخ رسشة اٌّبء ِٓ ث ٓ١ؽج١جبد اٌزشثخ ،ثؾ١ش ف ٟثذا٠خ رؤص١ش األؽّبي مٌ ٝاٌزشثخ ٠ؾًّ وً ِٓ اٌّبء
ٚاٌزشثخ األؽّبيٚ ،ؽزٌ ٝؾلخ ِوٕ١خ ٠جذأ اٌّبء ثبٌزسشة فزجم ٝؽج١جبد اٌزشثخ ٚؽذ٘ب رمب َٚاألؽّبي فزٙجؾ اٌزشثخ .
3- Secondary consolidation settlement (Sp).
٘ ٛ٘ ٚجٛؽ ٠ؾذس فِ ٟشاؽً ِزمذِخ ف ٟاٌزشثخ ٔز١غخ إهبدح رشر١ت ؽج١جبد اٌزشثخ ثسجت اٌذش ٖٛاٌجالسز١ى ٟاٌز٠ ٞؾذس
ٌٍزشثخ ِن اٌضِٓ ٚرؤص١ش األؽّبي.
ٚثبٌزبٌ ٟفئْ اٌٙجٛؽ اٌىٍ ٟاٌز٠ ٞؾذس ٌٍزشثخ ٘ ٛهجبسح هٓ ِغّٛم ِشوجبد اٌٙجٛؽ اٌضالصخ اٌسبثمخ اٌزوش :
ST = Se + Sc + Sp
Primary Consolidated
Settlement Sc
Secondary Consolidated
Settlement Sp
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Definitions:
1- Normally Consolidated clay:
The clay is called Normal consolidated if the present pressure is the maximum pressure that the soil was
subjected to during its geological history.
2- Over Consolidated clay:
The clay is called Over consolidated if the present pressure is less than the maximum pressure that the
soil was subjected to during its geological history.
3- Pre-consolidation pressure:
The maximum effective past pressure .
ُ أؽّبي١ٕخ ثم١ً اٌو١ّ ٔجذأ ثزؾٚ ،مخ خبطخ٠ب ثـشٙ ِوبٌغزٚ النٌٛٓح ِٓ اٌزشثخ ِٓ ا١زُ إؽؼبس ه١فىشح اٌزغشثخ أٔٗ س
ًلذ اٌّسزغشق هٕذ وًٌٛ ا١ٕخ ِن رسغ١ اسرفبم اٌوًٟ ٔؤخز لشاءاد روجش هٓ ِمذاس االٔخفبع ف١ّّخ رؾ١ وً لٟفٚ ،ِخزٍفخ
ًِذ اٌّوب٠ّىٓ رؾذ٠ ِٓ خالي ٘زٖ اٌواللخٚ اٌمشاءادٚ ِٓٓ اٌض١ٔشسُ اٌواللخ ثٚ ،ٕخ١لشاءح السرفبم اٌوCv صُ ٔوشع،
ذ ٔسجخ٠ّىٓ رؾذ٠ ٌٟثبٌزبٚ ٕخ اٌزشثخ١ هُٟ االٔخفبع ف١ِٓ خالي اٌوذاداد ٔسغً لٚ خ١هخ ِٓ األؽّبي اٌشأسّٕٛخ ٌّغ١اٌو
اٌفشاغبدe ذ٠ّىٓ رؾذ٠ ُِٓ خالي اٌشسٚ )بدادٙ األؽّبي (اإلعٚ ٓ ٔسجخ اٌفشاغبد١ ٔشسُ هاللخ ثٌٟثبٌزبٚ ًّهٕذ وً ؽ
ّخ١لCc.
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Apparatus:
1- Odometer apparatus (porous stones and loading device).
2- Trimmer and Extruder.
3- Stop watch.
4- Metal ring ( 2cm height and 6.21 cm diameter).
5- Glass plate.
Procedures:
Calculations:
1- Calculations for Cv:
- From the lab you will be given the applied loads on the soil specimen and the dial readings for
deformation and the elapsed time for each deformation.
- You have to draw relationship between the time and deformation into two types:
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1-1 Log time Vs Deformation:
0.197 H dr2
CV
t 50
Hdr: Height of drainage = Thickness of soil layer if one way drainage = one half the thickness of soil layer
for two way drainage.
t50: Time required for 50% consolidation.
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1-2 Square root of time Vs deformation:
0.848 H dr2
CV
t 90
Hi HS
e0
HS
H
ei e0
HS
Draw relation between the applied stresses in log scale
at x-axis Vs the values of void ratio (e) to obtain Cc.
26
ِالؽلبد :ثوذ هٍّ١خ اٌزؾّ ً١اٌىبٍِخ هٍ ٝاٌوٕ١خ لذ ٔم َٛثوًّ اٌخـٛاد اٌزبٌ١خ:
ٔ - 5م َٛثوٍّ١خ إصاٌخ اٌزؾّ )Unloading( ً١هٍ ٝاٌوٕ١خ ثشىً رذس٠غْ ٚ ٟسغً ل ُ١اٌٙجٛؽ ٚاٌضِٓ ٌىً لّ١خ٘ ٚ ،زٖ اٌخـٛح
٠زُ هٍّٙب ف ٟؽبٌخ اٌشغجخ ثذساسخ ِذ ٜأزفبخ١خ اٌزشثخ ( )Expansion of soilؽ١ش ثوذ هٍّ١خ اٌزؾّ ً١اٌىبٍِخ رجذأ اٌزشثخ
ثبٌزشوً ٚخبطخ اٌزشثخ اٌـ١ٕ١خ ٚثبٌزبٌ ٟوٍّب وبٔذ اٌزشثخ رؾًّ ِٓ اٌخظبئض اٌجالسز١ى١خ ثشىً أوجش وٍّب وبْ روشػٙب
ٌٍزشىً ٚاالٔزفبؿ أوجش.
ٔ - 6وًّ هٍّ١خ إهبدح رؾّ Reloading ً١هٍ ٝهٕ١خ اٌزشثخ ٚرٌه ٌذساسخ اٌٙجٛؽ اٌز٠ ٞؾذس ثوذ إهبدح رشى ً١اٌزشثخ ٚ
أزفبخٙب ٘ٚزا ِب ٠ف١ذ فِ ٟوشفخ . secondary consolidation settlement
27