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182]

Original Article
Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content
in cultivated and wild edible fruits grown in
Panama
Enrique Murillo1, Gabrielle B. Britton2, Armando A. Durant1,3

1
Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of
Natural, Exact Sciences
and Technology,
University of Panama,
Panama, 2Center for
Neuroscience, 1,3Center
for Biodiversity and Drug
Discovery, Institute for
Scientific Research and
Technology Services
(INDICASAT AIP), Panama
Address for correspondence:
Armando A. Durant,
E-mail: adurant@indicasat.
org.pa
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The present research was undertaken to determine the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol
content of cultivated and wild edible fruits consumed in Panama. Materials and Methods: 39 cultivated and
wild edible fruits antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content was assessed by using the DPPH and the
Folin-Ciocalteu assays, respectively. Results and Discussion: The antioxidant composition of the fruits varied
between 1083.33 and 16.22 mg TEAC/100 g fresh weight. On the other hand, the total phenolic content
of the 39 fruits tested ranged from 604.80 to 35.10 mg GAE/100 g FW. Ziziphus mauritania presented the
highest antioxidant activity and the largest phenolic content, whereas most fruits had a moderate TEAC value.
Conclusion: Fruits polyphenol content was strongly correlated with antioxidant properties, which pointed out
the important role of these compounds in the prevention of many types of cancer, neurological ailments, and
cardiovascular diseases through diverse antioxidant mechanisms.

Received : 15‑02‑12
Review completed : 15‑04‑12 KEY WORDS: Antioxidant activity, food composition, Panamanian tropical fruits, total polyphenol content,
Accepted : 19‑05‑12 vitamin C

F ree radicals are very reactive chemical species that are

produced as part of the normal cell metabolism, yet
environmental factors such as pollutants, tobacco smoke, and
UV radiation can yield these substances as well. Overproduction
of these and others pro-oxidants can cause, under certain
conditions, damage to biomolecules such as DNA, lipids,
proteins, and carbohydrates, leading to health impairments. [1- 3]
Epidemiological studies suggest that a high intake of fruits
reduces the risk of some types of cancer and prevents heart
pathologies and Alzheimer’s disease, owing to their high content
in bioactive antioxidants such as polyphenols, vitamin C, and
carotenoids, which limit the available oxidation potential.[3-5]
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Antioxidant protection in the cell includes scavenging reactive
oxygen species, chelation of trace elements involved in free
radical production, inhibition of enzymes that form reactive
substances, and regulation of antioxidant defense.[6] Polyphenols
such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarines, stilbenes,
tannins, and anthocyanins are ubiquitous secondary metabolites
present in plants that serve as protection against biotic and
abiotic stresses such as UV radiation, fungal infection, extreme
temperatures, parasites, and other pathogens.[7,8] Research on
these compounds in the last years has awakened a substantial
interest in their anti-mutagenic, anti-carcinogenic, neuro-
protective, and cardioprotective characteristics. Benefits were
associated not only with antioxidant capacity per se, but to their
ability to regulate gene transcription of antioxidant enzymes
linked to mediation of oxidative stress, inhibition of signaling
molecules and genes that modulate inflammatory pathways, and
regulation of angiogenesis and cell proliferation.[9-14]

DOI: Phenolic distribution in fruits is large and varies depending on

10.4103/0975-7406.103261 growing conditions, cultivars, climate, geography, and ripening.
The distribution of poliphenolic compounds is different in

How to cite this article: Murillo E, Britton GB, Durant AA. Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content in cultivated and wild edible fruits grown in Panama. J
Pharm Bioall Sci 2012;4:313-7.

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 Murillo, et al.: Fruit antioxidant activity and polyphenol content
the seed, peel, and edible part of the fruit.[15-17] Panama is a
country that is under the influence of a tropical climate that
favors the presence of an important variety of fruits. There are
no reports regarding the antioxidant potential and polyphenol
content of fruits consumed in Panama. In the present study, the
antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content of cultivated
and wild edible fruits were assessed by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picylhydrazyl (DPPH.) assay and the Folin-Ciocalteu method,
respectively. An assessment of the correlation between the
antioxidant activity of the fruits and total polyphenol and
vitamin C content was performed.
Materials and Methods
Chemicals
Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-
tetramethylchroman-2-carboxilic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-
picylhydrazyl), trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2
carboxylic acid), gallic acid, and ascorbic acid were purchased
from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). All other reagents
used were of analytical grade.
Fruit samples
39 completely ripened fruits were collected during the fruit-
bearing season. Surface color and firmness of the fruits
were used as criteria for selecting the samples. Fruits were
classified in 2 categories depending on plant domestication:
Cultivated and wild edible fruits. Cultivated fruits were obtained
from the central market of Panama City, Panama, and wild
edible fruits were harvested from their fruit tree. After the fruits
were cleaned with tap water, edible portions were cut and analyzed.
Extraction
The edible part of the each fruit (10 g) was homogenized using
a blender for approximately 2 min. Homogenized samples
were then placed in an Erlenmeyer flask and extracted at room
temperature with 40 ml of methanol for 1 h by using an orbital
shaker. The extracts were filtered through a filter paper under
suction. The residue was re-extracted and filtered. The fruit
extract was then used for the different assays. All samples were
assayed immediately in triplicate.
Measurement of antioxidant activity
Antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts was measured according to
the method described by Lamaison et al.,[18] namely by measuring
the reduction of the colored free radical DPPH· in the presence of
the fruit extract at 517 nm. A calibration curve was computed by
using trolox, and the total antioxidant activity was expressed as
mg trolox per 100 g of fresh fruit weight (mg TEAC/100 g FW).
Analysis of total phenolic content
Total phenolics were estimated from the fruits extracts
spectrophotometrically as described by Singleton and Rossi. [19]
 314 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences October-December 2012 Vol 4 Issue 4
Developed blue color was read at 750 nm with gallic acid
serving as standard. Phenolic content was expressed as gallic
acid equivalent per 100 g of fresh weight (mg GAE/100 g FW).
Vitamin C analysis
A tritrimetric method was used for determination of
vitamin C content in certain fruit extracts by using the
2,6-dichloroindophenol as indicator.[20] Results were expressed
as mg ascorbic acid, equivalents per 100 g of fresh weight
(mg AA/ 100 g FW).
Results and Discussion
There have been reports in the scientific literature of a strong
relation between a regular intake of fruits and a reduced
risk of various pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases,
cancer, and neurological impairment.[21-23] Oxidative stress,
i.e. disequilibrium between the body antioxidant defense system
and the generation of radical species, has been linked largely
to these ailments. Fruits contain phytochemicals that possess
known antioxidant activity such as polyphenols and vitamin C,
which can reinforce the body antioxidant defense response by
using different mechanisms such as scavenging deleterious free
radicals from susceptible cells and tissues. Consequently, the
antioxidant activity of a fruit is a significant parameter to take
into account for establishing its nutritional value.[24] The present
study provided novel data on fruits grown in Central America.
DPPH radical-scavenging assay measures the ability of an
antioxidant to react with DPPH.  radicals generated in the
experimental milieu. This assay was used to assess and compare the
scavenging activity of extracts of 39 tropical fresh fruits harvested
in Panama, 7 of which are not domesticated fruits, i.e. caimito
(Chrysophyllum cainito), guava (Inga edulis), algarrobo (Hymenaea
coubaril), nance (Byrsonima crassifolia), jobo (Spondias mombin),
jagua (Genipa americana), and toreta (Anona purpurea). Table 1
summarizes the fruits surveyed, their antioxidant activity reported
as trolox antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and the total phenolic
content. Of the 39 fruits studied, guinda (Ziziphus mauritania),
soursop (Annona muricata), and coffe plum (Flacourtia jangomas)
exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity (1083.33, 975.00,
928.57, and 928.27 mg TEAC/100 g FW, respectively). On the
other hand, avocado (Persea americana) and toreta (Anona
purpurea) presented very low antioxidant activity (17.00 and
16.00 mg TEAC/100 g FW). In this research, tree tomato showed
a very similar TEAC as guava, which may be due to the possibility
that at their physiological maturity (determined by subjective
criteria such as their characteristic aroma, taste, and color), both
fruits held compounds that altogether make up similar antioxidant
activity. In the present study, undomesticated fruits showed a
moderate radical scavenging capacity, yet Chrysophyllum cainito
showed a remarkable high antioxidant capacity (886.36 mgTE
C/100 g FW).
Ikram et al.[25] studied the antioxidant activity of underutilized
Malaysian fruits, and found that Ziziphus mauritania had a
moderate antioxidant activity compared to our results. Our
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Murillo, et al.: Fruit antioxidant activity and polyphenol content 

Table 1: The total phenolic content and TEAC of Panamanian Polyphenols determine central fruits quality properties such
tropical fruits (based on fresh weight) as color, taste, and nutritional value. [29] Epidemiological
Fruit Scientific name TEAC (mgTE/ Total phenolic content research has established an association between the high
(N = 39) 100 g FW) (mgGAE/100 g FW) consumption of fruit polyphenols and a reduced risk of
Algarrobo Hymenaea 240.74 117.45 certain kinds of cancer and cardiovascular ailments. [9,30]
courbaril These compounds exert their protective bioactivity due to
Apple guava Psidium guajava 780.00 283.50 their antioxidant capacity. Polyphenols can end hazardous
Avocado Persea americana 17.00 51.71 free radicals propagation, which causes cell lipid peroxidation
Banana Musa sapientum 201.03 99.90
Borojó Borojoa patinoi 72.49 97.20
by transferring an electron equivalent to radicals. In spite of
Caimito Chrysophyllum 886.36 513.00 the role these substances play in health maintenance, they
cainito are neglected in most food composition surveys. Extensive
Carambola Averrhoa 500.00 259.20 reports can be found in the literature regarding polyphenols in
carambola fruits from non-tropical regions; nevertheless, there is a lack
Cashew Anacardium 629.03 251.10
occidentale
of a comprehensive investigation on polyphenols contained
Chirimoya Annona cherimola 812.50 541.35 in fruits from tropical areas of the world, mainly Central
Ciruela Spondia purpurea 367.92 189.00 America, despite the wide variety of exotic fruits that are
Coffee plum Flacourtia 928.57 506.25 consumed by their populations. Bearing this in mind, we
jangomas evaluated the total polyphenols contained in fruits harvested
Giant Passiflora 256.58 135.00
and most commonly consumed in Panama, by using the
granadilla quadrangularis
Grapefruit Citrus paradisi 95.59 86.40 Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, and correlated this information
Guava Inga edulis 260.00 182.25 with the antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained from
Guinda Ziziphus 1083.33 604.80 each assayed fruit.
mauritania
Jagua Genipa americana 76.17 78.30 The total phenolic content of the 39 fruits tested are presented
Jobo Spondias mombin 130.87 108.00
Lime Citrus 103.72 90.05
in Table 1, ranging from 604.80 to 35.10 mg GAE/100 g FW. The
aurantifolia largest concentration of polyphenols were found in Ziziphus
Mamey rojo Pouteria sapota 135.42 112.05 mauritiana, followed in order by Hibiscus sabdariffa, Annona
Mango Manguifera 232.14 137.70 cherimola, Chrysophyllum cainito, Flacourtia jangomas, and
indica Annona muricata (more than 400 mg GAE/100 g FW). On
Mangotín Spondias dulcis 650.00 222.75
Melon Cucumis melo 87.84 88.16
the other hand, Genipa americana, Musa balbisiana, Anona
Nance Byrsonima 229.41 174.15 purpurea, Persea Americana, and Bactris gasipaes showed the
crassifolia lowest polyphenol content. Most of the fruits analyzed possess
Naranjilla Solanum 221.59 139.05 a moderate phenolic concentration (between 90 and 400 mg
quitoense GAE/100 g FW). Comprehensive studies have been carried
Noni Morinda citrifolia 382.35 186.30
out to study the antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content
Orange Citrus sinensis 106.56 86.67
Papaya Carica papaya 171.05 81.00 of common and underutilized tropical fruits harvested in
Passion Passiflora edulis 93.75 81.00 Asia,[25,31] showing substantial differences when the same fruits
fruit are compared with the Panamanian species. This variability
Peach palm Bactris gasipaes 97.50 35.10 may be due to different growing conditions, cultivars, climate,
Pineapple Ananas comosus 131.05 229.37 geography, and maturation stage.
Pitanga Eugenia uniflora 275.42 282.56
Plantain Musa balbisiana 116.77 67.50
Rambutan Nephelium 92.42 148.77 Mahattanatawee et al. [27] reported decreasing total
lappaceum phenolic content values for Psidium guajava > Averrhoa
Roselle Hibiscus 450.35 556.20 carambola > Pouteria sapota > Manguifera indica > and
sabdariffa Carica papaya, in fruits grown in the United States. On the
Sapodilla Manilkara zapota 87.44 89.24
Soursop Annona muricata 975.00 496.80
other hand, 7 fresh fruits commonly consumed in Brazil
S. American Quararibea 91.12 138.92 were assessed for their polyphenolic content, 3 of which,
sapote cordata i.e.  Psidium guajava > Averrhoa carambola > Ananas
Toreta Anona purpurea 16.22 67.23 comosus, were included in the present study as well.[32] When
Tree tomato Solanum 260.00 168.75 considering the total polyphenol content of fruits grown in
betaceum
Panama, a similar trend emerges, excepting for Manguifera
TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, GAE: Gallic acid indica.
equivalent
In order to determine the influence of polyphenols contained in
results regarding the high antioxidant properties of Psidium fruits grown in Panama on the overall antioxidant activity, the
guajava (780.00 mgTEAC/100 g FW) edible pulp is consistent correlation between these 2 factors was evaluated [Figure 1].
with surveys conducted in fruits harvested in Mauritius,[26] the A strong relationship was found [r(37) = 0.89, P < 0.001]
United States,[27] and India,[28] all of which confirm this fruit’s between polyphenol compounds and fruits’ antioxidant
substantial nutritional value. properties, a finding that is in agreement with previous studies

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 Murillo, et al.: Fruit antioxidant activity and polyphenol content

on tropical and non-tropical fruits.[26,33] As far as we know, this associated with their antioxidant activity. When considering
is the first report of the total phenolic content and antioxidant the contribution of fruits in the prevention of cardiovascular
activity that includes such ample variety of tropical fruits diseases, many types of cancer, and neurological disorders,
(common and uncommon edible fruits) cultivated in the such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson disease, the important
American Continent. The DPPH radical scavenging method role that polyphenols play in the antioxidant mechanism of
employed in the present study is one way to measure the prevention of these ailments should be stressed.Our results
antioxidant capacity of polyphenol extracts. The following step can be used in epidemiologic surveys regarding the intake of
is to test other mechanisms by which the fruits’ polyphenol polyphenolic antioxidants that foster healthy living conditions
extracts exert their antioxidant activity by using different in vitro in the Panamanian population.
methods such as superoxide anion scavenging assay, singlet
oxygen assay, and the potassium ferricyanide reducing method. Acknowledgements
We are currently developing these methods in our laboratory.
The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, each
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an important biochemical of whom has met the requirements for authorship. Each author
compound contained in many fruits and mainly in citrus that states that the manuscript represents honest work and confirms that
has a remarkable nutritional value and known antioxidant the listed authors are responsible for the content and writing of this
properties. Vitamin C content was quantified in 20 fruits manuscript.
[Table 2]. The amount of vitamin C present in the samples varied
between 1.45 and 213 mg ascorbic acid/100 g FW. Observing
Table 2: Vitamin C content of fruits surveyed (based on fresh
the vitamin C contents, Psidium guajava and Morinda citrifolia
weight)
had the highest amounts (>100 mg ascorbic acid/100 g FW),
Fruit (N = 20) Scientific name Vitamin C (mg AA
while the lowest quantity was found in Solanum quitoense, acid/ 100 g FW)
Manguifera indica, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Passiflora edulis, Ananas
Apple guava Psidium guajava 213.22
comosus, Musa sapientum, Manilkara zapota, and Annona Banana Musa sapientum 2.76
muricata (<10 mg ascorbic acid/100 g FW). Most of the fruits Carambola Averrhoa carambola 48.37
had a moderate concentration of this nutrient (between 100 Guinda Ziziphus mauritiana 21.30
and 10 mg ascorbic acid/100 g FW). When considering the Jobo Spondias mombin 39.30
influence of vitamin C on the antioxidant activity of the fruits, Mango Manguifera indica 5.88
Melon Cucumis melo 10.20
vitamin C has a negligible influence [r(18) = 0.32, n.s.] upon Nance Byrsonima crassifolia 37.16
the overall antioxidant properties of the fruits [Figure 2], which Naranjilla Solanum quitoense 9.85
is consistent with previous observations.[26,27,31] Noni Morinda citrifolia 140.18
Papaya Carica papaya 62.92
Passion fruit Passiflora edulis 5.82
Conclusions Pineapple Ananas comosus 4.16
Pitanga Eugenia uniflora 20.57
The present research provides, for the first time, a Plantain Musa balbisiana 16.60
comprehensive report on the antioxidant activity and total Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa 5.88
Sapodilla Manilkara zapota 1.46
polyphenol content of 39 fruits that are part of the Panamanian
Soursop Annona muricata 1.45
diet. Most of the fruits contained between a moderate and Toreta Anona purpurea 11.64
large antioxidant activity and polyphenol content, with a Tree tomato Solanum betaceum 8.63
strong correlation between these 2 parameters, indicating
AA: Ascorbic acid
that polyphenols presented in the fruits, are strongly

Figure 1: Correlation between TEAC and total phenolic compounds Figure 2: Assessment of the effect of vitamin C content on the
of 39 fruits of Panama antioxidant activity of 20 Panamanian tropical fruits

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Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.